Penicillin fermentation and role of strain improvement on efficiency

Penicillin aging and job of strain enhancement for productivity Presentation Penicillin is one of the most indispensable medications known to the clinical world. Its revelation by Alexander Fleming in late 1920s changed the substance of the world by getting trust people groups lives as penicillin was adequately utilized against sicknesses, for example, syphilis and staphylococcus diseases. Penicillins disclosure was a surprising mishap done while disengaging staphylococcus aureus by developing microbes on petri dishes. It was found that on one of the dishes a tainting mold named penicillium notatum had no microscopic organisms around it. Fleming saw this conduct and acquired a limited quantity of the emitted antimicrobial item and named it penicillin. Anyway Fleming couldn't market the item into beginning an enormous scope creation process and safeguarded the refined living being. As penicillin turned out to be progressively mainstream among different specialists, aging procedures were being created to improve its yield. [3]. Utilizing these aging methods, sp ecialists began to complete the creation of penicillin in labs at a littler scope. This procedure required a lot of time and exertion. One of the main strategies used to deliver penicillin came not very not long after its revelation. The primary creation strategy brought about penicillin being delivered by maturation utilizing surface technique. In this strategy, penicillium shape was developed on a tranquil medium and jug plant methods were utilized to yield penicillin. This was a plummet forward leap in creating the anti-toxin medicate however it took extremely long developing patterns of penicillium form. [3]. The interest for anti-microbials truly went up during and after the Second World War. As of now penicillin was notable around the globe, anyway its creation at bigger scope with better effectiveness was expected to make it a commonly recognized name. The test of creating penicillin at bigger scope was overwhelming for scientists and designers. It was at when aging examination on corn steep alcohol at a research center in Illinois, USA permitted in creating 2.3 million portions through advancement of profound tank maturation [5]. As the interest for penicillin was rising, various methods of acquiring the anti-infection sedate expanded. Such creation strategies included the utilization of fermenters with cradles and partition pipes, the property of fluid extraction, conveyance proportions lastly the utilization of a layer in a countercurrent extraction section. Penicillin Production Procedures Since the revelation of penicillin as an anti-microbial medication, there have been a wide range of techniques created to deliver penicillin productively so as to accomplish greatest yield. For example, the recuperation of penicillin utilizing an emulsion fluid layer in countercurrent extraction segment is fruitful technique yield a profoundly subjective item. The utilization of a countercurrent extraction section requires both a scattered stage and a fluid stage. The fluid stage is made of penicillin potassium salt which is broken down in a citrate support arrangement while the scattered stage is made of a blend of interior watery arrangement; sodium carbonate present in de-ionized water and natural arrangement, a blend of an auxiliary amine, and nonionic polyamine in lamp oil [1]. So as to process this strategy, the nonstop stage is first taken care of through the highest point of the section at precarious state, and when the progression of this stage arrives at consistent express, the scattered stage is infused through the base of the segment, creating a countercurrent extraction with the assistance of a spout. While the procedure is extricating, time tests are taken from the top and the base to screen the grouping of penicillin. When the detachment of the persistent stage and scattered stage happens with the assistance of a filtration procedure, the penicillin that was available in the consistent stage is recouped. The viability of the evacuation of various sorts of penicillin can be expelled at a more noteworthy incentive at lower pH. This is on the grounds that at a lower pH the debasements are abandoned and can be expelled, however at a higher pH, the contaminations will stay with the natural stage, and consequently will be difficult to isolate. This is the significant motivation behind why the fluid concentrate is fermented once more, with the goal that we can bring down the pH and acquire a superior measure of penicillin and evacuate the greater part o f the polluting influences present [4]. In spite of the fact that techniques like Emulsion fluid film in countercurrent extraction section can be exceptionally gainful and financially plausible, some different measures are as yet required to create penicillin in industry at a bigger scope. Mechanical Procedure The mechanical procedure of the recuperation of penicillin is in actuality increasingly mind boggling. It requires the utilization of a fermenter, a filtration framework and 3 support units, as appeared in figure beneath. The mechanical procedure utilizes a similar standard of dissemination proportion, which decides the proportion of virtue in the separated item. The dispersion apportion is equivalent to the grouping of a solute stage in a natural stage partitioned by its fixation in fluid stage. This guideline is adequately utilized in expelling the degree of pollutions from the last item. In this procedure, corn-steep alcohol, which is a waste item in the wet processing of corn, is entered as the feed. At the point when it enters the fermenter, extra supplements, for example, digestion modifiers and antifoaming specialists can likewise be included. The pH is then balanced and the substance in the fermenter are crease cleaned. As the temperature arrives at an estimation of about 25oC, the fermenter is vaccinated with an unadulterated and high yielding freak strain of Penicillium [2]. Now, it interacts with sterile air with the assistance of turbine fomentation to give appropriate air medium interface and the steady expansion of additional supplements and antifoaming specialists [2]. This entire procedure is completed for around multi week. After the aging time frame, the arrangement is then sent to a filtration unit where debasements, for example, mycelium are isolated from the fluid arrangement that contains penicillin. As the partition happens, the watery arrangement experiences three extraction units to acquire the last item in strong structure. First the arrangement enters the essential extraction unit where its pH is diminished to an estimation of two by utilizing sulfuric corrosive and amyl acetic acid derivation, these outcomes in penicillin to be extricated. This natural arrangement is then sent into the auxiliary extraction unit where it comes into contact with a watery cushion arrangement with a pH of six. This outcomes in the development of rich penicillin watery arrangement. At last this arrangement is sent to the third and last extraction unit. Here the arrangement is re-fermented and either reached with a similar natural dissolvable utilized in essential extraction or with another natural dissolvable, for example, methyl isobutyl ketone. This second contact with natural dissolvable is utilized to forestall the exchange of any solvent polluting influences [2]. After nonstop treatment, the last result of penicillin is recouped in strong structure. End Penicillin is world eminence anti-microbial, its significance came in the mid 1900s were it was utilized as a recuperating operator for bacterial diseases. Till today its significance assumes an indispensable job in the public eye. Penecillin process is completed with the assistance of new ways being created in the recuperation of penicillin. To finish up, it was noticed that there are a wide range of approaches to recuperate penicillin utilizing various specialists. Be that as it may, the quality and amount of the item assumes a significant job in deciding the best aging procedure. Utilizing the standards of dissemination proportions recuperated penicillin in a practically unadulterated structure. While the utilization of countercurrent extraction segment gave a progressively modernized technique, yet was not generally ready to give comparable outcomes as the utilization of conveyance proportions. References [1] Lee, Sang C. Contiuous extraction of penicillin by fluid layer in a countercurrent extraction segment. Diary of Membrane Science 124 (1997): 43-51. [2] Baird, Malcolm H. Handbook of Solvent Extraction. New York, NY: Wiley, 1983. [3] Philipe, Dr Calos. Penicillin. First talk of Chem Eng 3BK3. [4] T. Hano, M. Matsumoto and T. Ohtake, Continuous Extraction of Penicillin G with fluid surfactant layer utilizing vibro blender. Diary of Membrane Science 93(1994): 61 [5] [Mary Bellis. The History of Penicillin.Inventors. About.com. Recovered 2007-10-30.]

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (Aids) free essay sample

(AIDS) is an incredible ailment, saw as the deadliest infection that mankind has ever experienced is brought about by the Human immunodeficiency infection (HIV). (Irwin et al xxv)  One is supposed to be experiencing AIDS when their invulnerable framework has totally been undermined by the virus.â According to Alexander and others in their recognized book ‘Global AIDS’, â€Å"Acquired resistant lack disorder (AIDS), is the clinical assignment for a lot of manifestations, pioneering contaminations and research center markers that demonstrate that one is in the propelled phase of HIV disease and has a disabled insusceptible system†. (Irwin et al xxv). HIV Aids was first found in 1981 and as at 2005 roughly 40.3 million individuals were living with the infection. (Irwin et al 5). There are numerous legends encompassing the starting point of HIV with some contending that it began from space or was misleadingly made and gotten away from a research facility. Anyway it is contended that HIV is a characteristic infection that at first influenced chimp like animals in Africa and man may have procured the infection from close contacts with these animals. We will compose a custom article test on (Aids) or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page (Johnson 11). Method of transmission.  The HIV that causes Aids is transmitted through direct contact with tainted body liquids which incorporate semen, vaginal liquids or discharges, blood just as bosom milk. Pregnant moms can pass the infection to their infants during conveyance or when they are bosom taking care of them. (Irwin et al xxvi).  Aids has a long hatching period and one can live with the infection with no indication of ailment for as long as 10 years during which they may keep on spreading the infection. A few people may anyway build up the clinical indications of Aids sooner than this time range and the deft sicknesses will change starting with one area then onto the next. For example in the sub Saharan Africa, tuberculosis will be increasingly regular instead of America. During the hatching stage except if a test to affirm on the off chance that one has the infection it is hard to. This factor makes the spreading of the ailment simple and quicker. (Johnson 10). The uplifting news about the HIV Aids is that not normal for different illnesses that are airborne and consequently profoundly infectious this infection can't be moved through handshake or sniffling from tainted people. This suggests it can successfully be contained if individuals watched positive social practices. Despite the fact that examination has it that HIV has been found in negligible amounts in tainted people’s salivation, tears and sweat there are constrained odds of one getting the infection through these emissions. HIV can't get by outside the host and will in this manner not be transmitted when outside the host. Research has likewise settled that insect’s chomps, for example, mosquitoes don't transmit the HIV. (www.cdc.gov) Hazard factors  The hazard factors for the securing of the HIV AIDS incorporate having dangerous sexual associations with numerous accomplices just as utilizing intravenous medications. There are anyway some social financial variables that expansion the odds of one getting the infection. Destitution, segregation just as sexual orientation disparities increment the odds of one securing the HIV. (Irwin et al xxviii). Ladies in the sub-Saharan Africa will in general be generally influenced by HIV Aids which could be credited to the significant level of sexual orientation imbalance just as destitution levels in the locale. Extraordinary destitution sees a few ladies result to prostitution where they can't viably haggle for more secure sex in the exceptionally man centric social orders. (Suad and Afsaneh 4). The polygamous idea of men in the district additionally has a task to carry out in the spreading of the infection in the sub Saharan area. Indeed, even in marriage a few men are realized t be indiscriminate or unfaithful and however they might know about the peril this postures to them their spouses keep on having unprotected sex with them. Sexual orientation segregation sees numerous ladies get tainted as their state is once in a while regarded. (Okeyo and Allen 20-25). Destitution additionally observes numerous little youngsters take part in sexual associations with more seasoned men who offer them budgetary help. (Suad and Afsaneh 160). This expands their odds of getting the infection as in these social orders the delights of men will be organized to those of ladies. Haggling for more secure sex while there is a degree of money related reliance and in an exceptionally male centric culture would be a troublesome assignment. Preventive measures Since the significant technique wherein the HIV AIDS is transmitted is through sex with contaminated people, the odds of being tainted can in this way be diminished using male or female condoms. Reception of more secure sex particularly for the individuals who have more than one sex accomplices can be a successful method of decreasing the odds of getting contaminated. Appropriate utilization of latex condoms can adequately lessen HIV helps transmissions. The lambskin condoms may not be extremely viable as they may have characteristic pores that can permit the death of the infection from a tainted accomplice to uninfected accomplice. (www.cdc.gov). Among the intravenous medication clients the odds of getting the infection can be essentially diminished on the off chance that they quit sharing needles just as other infusion gear as one contaminated individual can transmit it to different people through this. (Johnson 15). The utilization of â€Å"PMTC† or the avoidance from mother to youngster through short course antiretroviral drug before conveyance can likewise has a significant task to carry out in lessening the odds of transmission from the mother to the kid. Blood supplies particularly among the clinical experts should likewise be maneuvered carefully to abstain from getting the infection. (Irwin et al 9). Individuals with the infection should live more beneficial ways of life where they watch adjusted weight control plans, practice well and have satisfactory rest. Thorough instruction projects to guarantee the production of mindfulness over all populaces is fundamental in all populaces. Individuals ought to be offered precise data on how the infection is gotten, the conduct dangers and how they can keep themselves from contracting it. (Nokes 3). Urging individuals to get tried is likewise a compelling procedure similarly as with this information accidental transmissions would be insignificant. Treatment  Sadly, there is no known remedy for Aids however through the antiretroviral prescription (ARV), AIDS is medicinally overseen. The ARV’s prevents the HIV from reproducing in this way decreasing the measure of infection that is running in a patient’s circulatory system thus reestablishing the invulnerable capacity. The ARV treatment ought to be proceeded forever and it is known to have less extreme reactions despite the fact that with time patients may have some degree of protection from certain meds. (Irwin et al  Xxvii). However these drug is ascribed for the diminished AIDS related passings just as the upgrade of life to the individuals who apply it. Difficulties controling the war on Aids.  Barriers to successful anticipation strategies which are very in clear in principle are related with people’s social just as monetary direction. Obliviousness and falsehood about HIV helps keep on preventing the effective battle against the lethal ailment. Another test is that regardless of their positive commitment is dragging out and upgrading the lives of many, the ARV medicine stays difficult to reach to numerous particularly in the creating nations. (Irwin et al  xxviii). Some social foundations additionally make the war against Aids a troublesome undertaking particularly in the underdeveloped nations where the subject of sexuality is seen as a no-no and thusly exceptionally maintained a strategic distance from. Works refered to: Communities for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV and Its Transmission. Recovered on thirteenth May 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/assets/factsheets/transmission.htm Irwin, Alexander, Millen Joyce and Fallows Dorothy. Worldwide AIDS: fantasies and realities:  tools for battling the AIDS pandemic. South End Press, 2003 Johnson, Paula. HIV and AIDS. The Rosen Publishing Group, 2007 Nokes, Kathleen.  HIV/AIDS and the more established grown-up. Taylor Francis Publishers 1996 Okeyo, M. also, Allen K. â€Å"Influence of widow legacy in the study of disease transmission of AIDS in Africa†. African Journal of Medical Practice vol (1): 1994. 20-25. Suad Joseph and Afsaneh Najmabadi. Reference book of Women Islamic Cultures:  Family, body, sexuality and wellbeing. Brill, Publisher 2003

Narrative Essay Outlines - How to Write Your Own Using an Outline

Narrative Essay Outlines - How to Write Your Own Using an OutlineA narrative essay outline will contain your narrative details, so that your summary will be as short as possible. Having too much of a good thing is not a good idea. If you want to get a good grade on your college essay, and keep it to a minimum, make sure you do not cram too much information into the short amount of time allotted for your essay.In my opinion, having too much of a good thing is never a good idea in any subject, but especially on college level. It takes a long time to go through all of the things that you will have to say about your topic, especially if you are required to write on multiple levels. Therefore, take the time to find a good outline to use when writing your narrative essay.You should know that one of the major benefits of using an outline for your essay is that it will take all of the worry out of writing your essay. Many students who try to write their own outline or summary forget that the outline must be used. The outline can tell you what information you should be putting into your paragraph and also give you tips on how to complete the best summaries.Of course, no one likes to write on a different level than he expects. Therefore, when writing a narrative essay outline, you should know how to write your summary. However, there are certain techniques that are more effective than others. Once you have all of the needed information, it is just a matter of following the process of elimination, and deciding what information you want to put into each paragraph.Another good technique is to write in a chronological order. There are several reasons for this, and first, it is a good way to write. You should also know that it is also a good way to determine which point you are going to go to next, and which points you can skip.Another wrong manner of writing a narrative is just throwing everything into one paragraph. This means that the summary is so short, you can probably fit more information into a sentence or two. Therefore, even though you can only fit more than a few sentences into a paragraph, you have all of the important things you need to say in just one paragraph.When writing your narrative, make sure that you cover all of the key points you need to cover, as you move through the essay. By doing this, you will not only make your story flow well, but you will also make sure that the best points are at the top of the page.Some people find that there are several benefits to use an outline in order to get the right reasons for certain events or details that they will have to talk about. However, don't get too caught up in the benefits, and remember that the right reason for one topic may not be the right reason for another. Of course, you can use this information to your advantage, but as with all things, you must know when you should simplify.

Essay about Capital Punishment - 904 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Capital punishment is a method of retributive punishment as old as civilization itself. Anti-death penalty supporters argue the death penalty is unconstitutional. Capital punishment is a barbaric remnant of an uncivilized society. It is immoral in principle, and unfair, and discriminatory in practice. It assures the execution of some innocent people. As a remedy for crime, it has no purpose and no effect. The arguments against capital punishment are many and cogent. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Capital punishment is irrevocable, and the errors of justice cannot be rectified. All possibility of reconsideration is taken away. Innocent persons have been hanged, and judge, jury, and the legal machinery involved†¦show more content†¦Although isolated passages of the Bible have been quoted in support of the death penalty, almost all religious groups in the United States regard executions as immoral. Capital punishment is also an ineffective punishment for those who commit crimes seeing the death penalty as the â€Å"easy way out.† Killing whether carried out by an individual or the state, is immoral and ought not to be condemned. The death penalty is barbaric anachronism and should be abolished. We teach our children that it is not right to kill. Even the sixth commandment of the Bible says, â€Å"Thall shalt not kill.† Still we take the role in the Judicial system and chose who lives and who dies not only are we being hypocritical to what we say our morals are, but we are also teaching our children that it is okay to kill certain people and it is by this that capital punishment is still practiced today. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;On a national basis the additional cost of trying a death penalty case over a normal murder case has totaled over one billion dollars since 1976. A report from the Judicial conference of the United States showed that defense costs in death penalty cases were four times higher than non death penalty cases. Because of the faulty capital punishment systems ignorance to the subject, many people who are pro-capital punishment argue that it would cost less to just go ahead and finish the prisoner off thanShow MoreRelated Capital Punishment1099 Words   |  5 Pages Capital Punishment Murder, a common occurrence in American society, is thought of as a horrible, reprehensible atrocity. Why then, is it thought of differently when the state government arranges and executes a human being, the very definition of premeditated murder? Capital punishment has been reviewed and studied for many years, exposing several inequities and weaknesses, showing the need for the death penalty to be abolished. Upon examination, one finds capital punishment to be economically weakRead MoreCapital Punishment1137 Words   |  5 Pagescorresponding punishments. Among all penalties, capital punishment is considered to be the most severe and cruelest one which takes away criminal’s most valuable right in the world, that is, right to live. It is a heated debate for centuries whether capital punishment should be completely abolished world widely. The world seems to have mixed opinion regarding this issue. According to Amnesty International (2010), currently, 97 countries in the world have already abolished capital punishment while onlyRead MoreCapital Punishment1786 Words   |  8 PagesCapital Punishment Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is the toughest form of punishment enforced today in the United States. According to the online Webster dictionary, capital punishment is defined as â€Å"the judicially ordered execution of a prisoner as a punishment for a serious crime, often called a capital offence or a capital crime† (1). In those jurisdictions that practice capital punishment, its use is usually restricted to a small number of criminal offences, principallyRead More Capital Punishment1898 Words   |  8 PagesCapital Punishment Imagine your heart suddenly beginning to race as you hear a judge give you a death sentence and then you’re quickly carried away in chains as your family sobs as they realize that they will no longer be able to see you. As you sit in your cell you begin to look back at your life and try to see where you went wrong to end up in jail waiting to carry out a death sentence, and at the same time know that you are an innocent waiting to be heard. This same scenario repeatsRead MoreCapital Punishment1276 Words   |  6 Pagesbroken to get the death penalty, increased murder rates and wrongful accusations. There are many different views of the death penalty. Many different religions have their own views of the death penalty. In Hinduism, if the king does not inflict punishment on those worthy to be punished the stronger would roast the weaker like fish on a spit. In the religion of Jainism, mostly all of their followers are abolitionists of the death penalty which means that they oppose of it. Infact, this religionRead More Capital Punishment Essay: Retain Capital Punishment?696 Words   |  3 PagesCapital Punishment - Retain or Not?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This essay tangles with the question of whether or not we should retain the death penalty within the American code of penal law.    There is a feeling of frustration and horror that we experience at the senseless and brutal crimes that too frequently disrupt the harmony of society. There is pain which accompanies the heartfelt sympathy that we extend to the victims families who, in their time of suffering, are in need of the support and compassionRead MoreCapital Punishment2506 Words   |  11 PagesCapital Punishment and the Death Penalty Capital punishment exist in today’s society as citizens of the United States should we have the right to take an individual life. As illustrated throughout numerous of studies the death penalty is an unfair process seven out of ten deaths handed down by the state courts from 1973 to 1995 were overturned when appeal and the seven percent were later found to be innocent. Such as the Dobie Williams case which took place July 8, 1984. DobieRead MoreCapital Punishment Is A Legal Punishment1116 Words   |  5 Pageswhat the big deal about Capital Punishment is? According to free dictionary, Capital Punishment is to put to death as a legal punishment (Farlax). Capital Punishment is used worldwide, and is guaranteed to prevent future crime. Capital Punishment is a large controversy in the U.S. but before a personal opinion can be formed, some facts need to be known, such as what it is, where it is used and why it could be good or bad. Well, what is Capital Punishment? Capital Punishment is where a person is executedRead MoreCapital Punishment Is The Ultimate Punishment1704 Words   |  7 Pageswhat would you want from the government if he had killed someone you know? He should receive the capital punishment. The capital punishment is the ultimate punishment given to the precarious crimes. It is the last stage of capital punishment. There are different methods of like hanging, electric chair, lethal injection, firing squad, gas chamber. Murderers and rapist should be given extreme punishment, and they have to pay for their wrongdoing. We can observe crime rates are accelerating day-by-dayRead MoreCapital Punishment And Juvenile Punishment1631 Words   |  7 Pages Capital punishment is the term used when an individual is put to death by the state or government for the commission of a crime. Until recently, juveniles were not exempt from this punishment, however they would generally need to commit a more serious offense compared to their adult counterpart. Then there was the decision ruling the execution of mentally handicapped individuals was unconstitutional, using the 8th amendment as their authority, while taking into account the diminished capacity of

Sandra Day OConnor First Female Supreme Court Justice

Sandra Day OConnor, an attorney, is known for the first  woman to serve as an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court. Appointed in 1981 by President Ronald Reagan, and known as often exercising a swing vote. Early Life and Education Born in El Paso, Texas, on March 26, 1930, Sandra Day OConnor was raised on the family ranch, the Lazy B, in southeastern Arizona. Times were hard during the Depression, and young Sandra Day OConnor worked on the ranch – and also read books with her college-educated mother. She had two younger siblings. Young Sandra, her family concerned that she get a good education, was sent to live with her grandmother in El Paso, and to attend private school and then high school there. Returning one year to the ranch when she was thirteen, a long school bus ride dimmed her enthusiasm and she returned to Texas and her grandmother. She graduated from high school at 16. She studied at Stanford University, starting in 1946 and graduating in 1950 magna cum laude. Inspired to take up the law by a class late in her studies, she entered Stanford Universitys law school. She received her LL.D. in 1952. Also in her class: William H. Rehnquist, who would serve as chief justice of the US Supreme Court. She worked on the law review and met John OConnor, a student in the class after hers. They married in 1952 after she graduated. Looking for Work Sandra Day OConnors later court decisions against sex discrimination may have had some roots in her own experience: she was unable to find a position in a private law firm, because she was a woman – though she did get one offer to work as a legal secretary. She went to work, instead, as a deputy county attorney in California. When her husband graduated, he got a position as an Army attorney in Germany, and Sandra Day OConnor worked there as a civilian attorney. Returning to the US, near Phoenix, Arizona, Sandra Day OConnor and her husband started their family, with three sons born between 1957 and 1962. While she opened a law practice with a partner, she focused on raising the children – and also served as a volunteer in civic activities, became active in Republican politics, served on a zoning appeals board, and served on the governors commission on marriage and the family. Political Office OConnor returned to full time employment in 1965 as an assistant attorney general for Arizona. In 1969 she was appointed to fill an empty state senate seat. She won election in 1970 and reelection in 1972. In 1972, she became the first woman in the US to serve as majority leader in a state senate. In 1974, OConnor ran for a judgeship rather than for reelection to the state senate. From there, she was appointed to the Arizona Court of Appeals. Supreme Court In 1981, President Ronald Reagan, fulfilling a campaign promise to nominate a qualified woman to the Supreme Court, nominated Sandra Day OConnor. She was confirmed by the Senate with 91 votes, becoming the first woman to serve as a justice on the US Supreme Court. She has often cast a swing vote on the court. On issues including abortion, affirmative action, death penalty, and religious freedom, she has generally taken a middle road and has narrowly defined the issues, satisfying neither liberals nor conservatives completely. She has generally found in favor of states rights and has found for tough criminal rules. Among the rulings on which she was the swing vote were  Grutter v. Bollinger  (affirmative action),  Planned Parenthood v. Casey  (abortion), and Lee v. Weisman (religious neutrality). OConnors most controversial vote may be her vote in 2001 to suspend Floridas ballot recount, thus ensuring the election of George W. Bush as US President. This vote, in a 5-4 majority, came just months after she publicly expressed her concern that Senator Al Gores election could delay her retirement plans. OConnor announced her retirement as an associate justice in 2005, pending appointment of a replacement, which took place when Samuel Alito was sworn in, on January 31, 2006. Sandra Day OConnor indicated a desire to spend more time with her family; her husband was afflicted with Alzheimers. Bibliography Sandra Day OConnor. Lazy B: Growing Up on a Cattle Ranch in the American Southwest. Hardcover. Sandra Day OConnor. Lazy B: Growing Up on a Cattle Ranch in the American Southwest. Paperback. Sandra Day OConnor. The Majesty of the Law: Reflections of a Supreme Court Justice. Paperback. Joan Biskupic. Sandra Day OConnor: How the First Woman on the Supreme Court Became Its Most Influential Member.

Should Marijuana Be Legalized Essay - 1840 Words

Introduction (1 page) The legalization of marijuana has been a widespread debate over the last decade. There are some people who believe that it should remain illegal (class 1), be legalized for medicinal use, or have it legal for both medicinal and recreational use. The correct choice on whether to legalize marijuana or to keep marijuana a criminalized drug is unknown. However, the main debate boils down to economic gains, prison reform, ending the war on drugs and overall citizen health. Marijuana, also referred to as Cannabis or Hemp, was first criminalized in the 1970’s during Nixon’s war on drugs. It was classified as a schedule one drug, the most restrictive category of all drugs stating there to be absolutely no medical benefits from the drug. Later in 1970, public interest attorney R. Keith Stroup found the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) in Washington, D.C. (). Drug Enforcement Administration judge stated in 1988, that â€Å"Marijuana in its natural form is one of the safest therapeutically active substances known to man.† (). In 1991, San Francisco became the first city to pass an ordinance in favor of medical patients allowing access to medicinal cannabis, with a whopping 79% majority support rate. Many people think marijuana has been illegal for a long time so why should things change. However, for most of human history, cannabis has been ultimately legal. Actually, marijuana has been illegal for only 1% o f the time since it has beenShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreational drug. Although some believe that marijuana is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words   |  6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conductedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1596 Words   |  7 Pages But what needs to be known before a user can safely and completely make the decision if trying Marijuana is a good idea? Many do not want the drug to be legalized because they claim that Cannabis is a â€Å"gateway drug†, meaning it will cause people to try harder drugs once their body builds up a resistance to Marijuana, because a stronger drug will be needed to reach a high state. This argument is often falsely related to the medical si de of the debate over legalization. It is claimed that this wouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?985 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize Marijuana Despite what people believe about marijuana, it hasn’t once proved to be the cause of any real issue. It makes you wonder what the reason as to why there is a war on drugs. Why is marijuana the main concern? Since the time that alcohol and tobacco became legal, people wonder why marijuana isn’t legal yet. The fact that marijuana is illegal is mainly caused by the amount of money, jobs, and pride invested in the drug war. Once the government starts anything, they stick to it. At

Enough Rope By Dorothy Parker Essay Example For Students

Enough Rope By Dorothy Parker Essay DOROTHY PARKERENOUGH ROPENafisa RebelloSYBAROLL 338It was Prof. Eunice Dsouza who at the beginning of the year introduced us to the poems of Dorothy Parker. It was just a brief glance, something not from within the syllabus and forgotten the next day. But ?Resume and ?War Song would not get out of my head that easily. Intrigued by the woman who famously said ?Men seldom make passes at girls who wear glasses, I took the first opportunity to find out more about her. Therefore this internal assessment project focuses on Dorothy Parkers first set of published poems, Enough Rope (1926). America of the 1920sEnough Rope was published in December of 1926, and by the spring of 1927 it was making publishing history by becoming a best seller, an almost unprecedented achievement for a volume of poetry. Its poems became a mantra of sorts for the new American woman. The new American woman who was voting for the first time and was not afraid to be seen drinking, smoking, sniffing cocaine, bobbing ones hair, dancing the Charleston, necking and getting caught. Victorianism and the turn of the century Gibson Girl were out, and in her place was a saucy, booze-drinking, cigarette-smoking, knee-length-dress-wearing flapper. In fact the loosening of restrictions on women was one of the most significant legacies of the 1920s. Young women were wearing dresses and shockingly tight bathing suits that showed leg skin from the knee on downan unprecedented flaunting of flesh. They were caking on makeup, rouge no less, with the aplomb of streetwalkersand mothers despaired. Talking about Fre ud and sex were signs of hip ness. While showing feminine flesh women also sported an androgynous look, cutting their hair like boys (bobbed hair), but adding a feminine touch through shingling. This was the era of prohibition, Al Capone and Jazz music. Overall, the decade is often seen as a period of great contradiction: of rising optimism and deadening cynicism, of increasing and decreasing faith, of great hope and great despair. There were great upheavals in the cultural and societal foundations of America. Writers, musicians and artists no longer attempted to extol the virtues of 19th Century rural America, but instead embraced a hedonistic, individualism that was personified in the quickened pace of the 20th Century American city. The poems of Enough Rope gave glimpses of the age of ?anything goes and its heavy cost in terms of ones emotions. These verses, which became something of a national rage, were thought to be strong stuff: brusque, bitter and unwomanly in their presumed cynicism. They gave the impression of asserting a womans equal rights inside a sexual relationship, including the right of infidelity. They fitted perfectly into the pre-depression era, when it was fashionable to be irresponsible and bitter. And American women everywhere wanted to be ?smarty like the poet and short story writer Dorothy Parker. Dorothy Parker?In American literature, many writers of the past years faced at some point the duty of silencing personal opinions, feelings, and emotions. Although many accept this duty without a moments hesitation or guilt, some who do not accept this openly create a voice of disgust and doubt that arises eventually in their work. In the twentieth century, no one epitomizes this very voice more than did Dorothy Parker. Dorothy rebelled from her creativity block, in her early years, by releasing a series of works, which examined herself and her society, as she knew it to be. Dorothy Parker took offence to a world that she saw as mindless and lacking of any chaotic bliss.?John TaylorDorothy Parker was born in West End, New Jersey on August 22, 1893. She held many positions of work in a grand career that spanned over thirty years. She began her career in the New York area near her home as a drama critic for the magazine Vanity Fair. From the years 1917 to 1920 she held the position at the magazine till she moved on to another publication, New Yorker, in which she reviewed book publications and theatre performances from 1927 to 1933. Dorothy Parkers legacy as an objective writer began to take shape in the late 1920s when she released her first light verses, which were titled Enough Rope in 1926, Sunset Gun in 1928, and Death and Taxes in 1931. Although she went on to, possibly more successful, careers in her life, the period of these verses by her were the most honestly evaluating works of her lifetime. A lifetime that was filled with her own alcoholic depressions, ill-fated love affairs and attempted suicides. All of which have a bearing on Dorothy Parkers views of truth, which come to light in the form of poems that are long, short, detailed, vague, but always intuitive. Dorothy parkers contribution to the humour of the period was a combination of classical practices with her own very personal tone, a tone of the carefree but victimised ?little woman, which gave to her work its special profile, its recognizable hallmarks. She was determined from the start to write satire from her womans point of view-to exaggerate reality through stereotype, repetition, cataloguing or hyperbole-rather than to write nonsense verse. She also wanted her work to be simple, as colloquial as possible, for that way she could extend her satire to those who spoke as her lines speak. Her work observes social facts and customs, sees them representatively rather than in particularities, and then invites the happy or scornful laughter of criticism. Structurally her poems often began with a hyperbole, develop by antithetical ideas, or end with a surprise, a twist. To locate Dorothy Parkers unique flavour, it is simplest to keep in mind her short poems where, despite the compactnes s of the form, all her attitudes and techniques are in play. Here she concentrates on a specific situation or moment, the foreground sharply focussed in time and space. Often but not always, she extends her canvas by burlesque, pun or paradox; often too the wit is reflexive, and irony becomes irony of the self (and even of the poem, of poetry). By restricting her scope, her concentration on the paraphernalia of life never clutters her line as it never clutters her point of view. What she strives for in her poems is an elegant casualness. The discrepancy between the seriousness of her aim and the playful tone of her presentation provides not only a kind of cool satire but also a forceful constricted irony. Indeed her work is so cool in its fundamental bitterness that she has from the first appealed to a very wide audience-both those wishing simple amusement and those who recognise her sardonic wit. Enough Rope?Here is poetry that is ?smart in the fashion designers sense of the word?M rs. Parker has her own particular field of frank American humour. She is slangy, vulgar, candid and withal subtle, delicate and sparkling. The soul of wit distinguishes most of her pieces?for all their pertness and bravado they mirror, in most cases, quite genuine and profound experiences.?Of Enough Rope in Poetry, April 1927Enough Rope appeared from Boni and Liveright for two dollars, in a grey dust jacket with yellow lettering-?A woman supplies enough rope to hang a hundred Egos?-and a dangling rope for illustration; it went through eight printings, a phenomenal bestseller. Therefore from the title itself Dorothy Parker suggests her conscious adoption of the role of satirist, one bemused by the human situation and sufficiently superior to poke fun at it. The themes that run through the volume are those with which she was by now identified: unrequited love, loneliness, death and hypocrisy. To appreciate the peculiarly successful poetic of Enough Rope, we must see how Dorothy parker starts with the briefest possible situation, catches it at a split moment, and dramatises it through a voice unaware of the clich?s on which it rests. Evoking A Moment EssayInscription for the Ceiling of a BedroomDaily dawns another day;I must up, to make my way. Though I dress and drink and eat,Move my fingers and my feet,Learn a little, here and there,Weep and laugh and sweat and swear,Hear a song, or watch a stage,Leave some words upon a page,Claim a foe, or hail a friend Bed awaits me at the end. Though I go in pride and strength,Ill come back to bed at length. Though I walk in blinded woe,Back to bed Im bound to go. High my heart, or bowed my head,All my days but lead to bed. Up, and out, and on; and thenEver back to bed again,Summer, Winter, Spring, and Fall Im a fool to rise at all!Prophetic SoulBecause your eyes are slant and slow,Because your hair is sweet to touch,My heart is high again; but oh,I doubt if this will get me much. This poem is confessional yet highly disciplined, conversational yet poetically rendered, the work displays a controlled imagination. Distanced reflection and careful analysis merge. Shrewd and fastidious, in modulated language and tight form, trenchant humor opposing clich?d love conventions surprises, engages and amuses us, as in ?Words of Comfort to be Scratched on a Mirror?Helen of Troy had a wandering glance;Sapphos restriction was only the sky;Ninon was ever the chatter of France;But oh, what a good girl am I!In the verse, ?One Perfect Rose?, Dorothy switches her focus to the opposite end of the spectrum and probes the actions of a male from her past. In this verse, she questions a single rose, which she received from the man in question. Although she speaks of the mans intentions, his emotions, the rose and its qualities in an adoring manner, Dorothy eventually asks why she has never received a limousine and then ponders her luck in matters such as this. Although this verse comes to us in a light hearted, comedic fashion, one eventually wonders of Dorothy Parkers true meanings of whether she feels blessed or forsaken. Mrs. Parkers apparent intentions seem to lead the reader to questions of Dorothys own self worth. Whether this effect was intentional or not, the verse, as all of Dorothys others, seem to be made for the people with the pathos in mind. Although Mrs. Parker hints towards these issues, her stable vehicle for these ideas remains the rose, which even today remains a staple of romantic gestures. A single flowr he sent me, since we met. All tenderly his messenger he chose;Deep-hearted, pure, with scented dew still wet-One perfect rose. I knew the language of the floweret;My fragile leaves, it said, his heart enclose. Love long has taken for his amuletOne perfect rose. Why is it no one ever sent me yetOne perfect limousine, do you suppose?Ah no, its always just my luck to getOne perfect rose. Finally, in a title which fits her work, ?Portrait of the Artist? , Dorothy gives the reader a peak at her life as a writer and poet. Oh, lead me to a quiet cell, Dorothy states as she describes a setting in which an artist , presumably Dorothy , wants to be placed in a room cut off from the outside world and its self pleasing views. After describing this process, Dorothy states Come back in a half hour or so , And I will be in trouble. Here , Dorothy gives the reader who might fear or ponder her methods a chance to ponder his or her own opinion of Dorothy. The statement seems to come in a more outward view of Dorothy rather than from Dorothy herself. This gives the reader a chance to see Mrs. Parkers feelings towards others who do not understand her work or views. All in all, the verse expresses the same desire to bare her soul now that her work has become more self reflective. Oh, lead me to a quiet cellWhere never footfall rankles,And bar the window passing well,And gyve my wrists and ankles. Oh, wrap my eyes with linen fair,With hempen cord go bind me,And, of your mercy, leave me there,Nor tell them where to find me. Oh, lock the portal as you go,And see its bolts be double. Come back in half an hour or so,And I will be in trouble. And ?Observation? echoes the female sentiment of the age. If I dont drive around the park,Im pretty sure to make my mark. If Im in bed each night by ten. I may get back my looks again. If I abstain from fun and such. Ill probably amount to much;But I shall stay the way I am. Because I do not give a damn. In the best of this book, Dorothy Parker is already the most accomplished classical epigrammatist of her time. In ConclusionDorothy Parkers work was clearly a product of its times even as it on occasion transcends them. She brought her own life to her work; from her use of precision of detail, purity of language, and economy of expression, her poetry took on a maturity, clarity of tone and compactness of form. She saw the range of humour stretching from open sarcasm to a tired and mordant stoicism, and her poetry reflects this wider perspective. ?Her poems?, Corey Ford has observed, ?were exquisite cameos, poignant and haunting? as well as sudden comic reversals. ?END?BibliographyBibliographyEnough Rope by Dorothy ParkerDorothy Parker by Arthur F. KinneyThe Portable Dorothy Parkerhttp://imglib.lbl.gov/ImgLib/COLLECTIONS/BERKELEYLAB/PEOPLE/INDIVIDUALS/index/96602763.htmlPoetry and Poets

Speech Analysis of Richard Nixons First Inaugural Address Essay Example

Speech Analysis of Richard Nixons First Inaugural Address Paper Speech Analysis of Richard Nixon’s First Inaugural Address 1: The communication was a speech delivered at the White House for Nixon’s presidential inauguration. 2: January 20th, 1969. 3: Richard Nixon, President of the United States 4: The audience was the American people and other nations that had a relationship with the United States. 5: â€Å"The greatest honor history can bestow is the title of peacemaker. This honor now beckons Americathe chance to help lead the world at last out of the valley of turmoil, and onto that high ground of peace that man has dreamed of since the dawn of civilization. If we succeed, generations to come will say of us now living that we mastered our moment, that we helped make the world safe for mankind. This is our summons to greatness. I believe the American people are ready to answer this call. † Nixon’s inaugural speech highlighted ending the Vietnam war and closing the Cold War in order to make the world a more secure place. This speech opened Nixon’s presidency as well as opened his foreign policy and goals for his administration. : The importance of this speech is that it shows what Nixon’s ideals were for the nation, that he focused on lofty goals that were clearly influenced by Cold War era thinking and the Vietnam war. The speech also portrays Nixon’s skills as a politician and someone who was aware of the nation’s concerns and knew how to settle those concerns. It also followed the tradition of inaugural speeches of promising a lot of things and being inspiring and hopeful. : It was written to ope n Nixon’s presidency, and to set the tone for his tenure as well as the direction the United States would take in regards to foreign relations. 8: A lot of the United States’ concerns were involved in Vietnam and ending the unpopular war. And it was a popular belief that government was playing too big of a role in people’s lives, which he addresses when he points out that government has spent more money and run more programs than ever before. We will write a custom essay sample on Speech Analysis of Richard Nixons First Inaugural Address specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Speech Analysis of Richard Nixons First Inaugural Address specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Speech Analysis of Richard Nixons First Inaugural Address specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He says that to improve the country every individual needs to be involved instead of just government bureaucracies. 9: In the entire speech Nixon hints that ending the Vietnam war would bring peace to the world and that national morale would improve, but how could ending one war in one country improve foreign relations so substantially? Did he really think that ending the war in Vietnam would make the world noticeably more peaceful, or did he mean just the United States and Vietnam?

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Essay

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Essay DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Essay Grand Canyon University Twenty-Page Life Learning Assessment Essay Template Center for Learning & Advancement 3300 W. Camelback Road, Bldg. #35 Phoenix, Arizona, 85017 lifelonglearning@gcu.edu 602-639-8901 Name: Dianne Malrey GCU ID #: 0622458 Date of Submission: Essay Title: The Impact of Domestic Violence Credit Amount Requested 4 Credit Hours Email: Diannejake@hotmail.com Phone #: 412 969 6479 ************For University Use Only (Please leave blank)************** Pass/Fail?__________ Evaluator:________________________ Date:___________ First attempt/Second attempt:___________________ Evaluator Comments: The Impact of Domestic Violence Domestic Violence Awareness is a Measure of prevention, designed to reach that person that may not realize that there is a way out, that help does exist. But most of all it's an educational endeavor to empower and inform, allowing individuals to know that often times there is an existing pattern of attitudes, ideas & behaviors that can allow them to be warned regarding the person they are involved with has potentially life threatening issues:. Young women/teens mistake aggressive and abusive behaviors as serious displays of love. We are a society of people charged to protect and care for the innocent. We must be prepared to let those who harm women, children and the elderly know that society will no longer tolerate this type of behavior. (Jeffrey Dunmore, DV Specialist, Men in Transition, 2013). The Impact of Domestic Violence The Impact of Domestic Violence Violence is all too prevalent worldwide today. It seems every time you turn on the news someone, somewhere, and everywhere there are incidents of violence. Our schools are unsafe, the shopping malls are unsafe, home invasions, and even those romantic make out places, such as parks and â€Å"Lover’s Lane†, are no longer safe. Domestic Violence however, is a different kind of violence and is generally endured in silence. Women will deny being battered, for various reasons, children will become silent and live with pent up anger for most of their lives, and the elderly may be incapable of reporting the violence, perhaps based on their need for companionship. Even our immigrants remained silent for fear of deportation, despite the fact they may be in this country legally. (dcadv.org, 2008) Women, children and yes sometimes men fall victim to insidious violence. Domestic violence is insidious not because of the physical aspects it entails, such as the black eyes or br oken arms generally noticed, but because it is literally deadly. Violence in the home may also impact an individual psychologically, economically and emotionally. Many relationships base love on sex and financial security. Many women will not leave based on financial insecurity and self-esteem issues. The Bible clearly states what love is in 1 Corinthians 13:4-7,† Love is patient and kind; love does not envy or boast; it is not arrogant or rude.† It does not insist on its own way; it is not irritable or resentful; it does not rejoice at wrongdoing, but rejoices with the truth. Love bears all things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all things.† (EVS www.openbible.info/topics/domestic violence-_and-_abuse‎, 2001 by Crossway Bibles) Types of family violence experienced â€Å"Husbands, love your wives, and do not be bitter towards with them†. (Colossians 3:19). â€Å"Likewise, husbands, live with your wives in an understanding way, showing honor to the woman as the weaker vessel, since they are heirs with you of the grace of life, so that your prayers may not be hindered â€Å" .(1 Peter 3:7). www.openbible info New Living Translation (NTL) Domestic violence can manifest itself in many ways, much like addiction. Many believe addiction is about drugs, however addiction is an obsessive and compulsive disorder, that once a person starts they are unable to stop on their own free will. (N.A, Basic Test.1965). Domestic

The Cold War And Vietnam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Cold War And Vietnam - Research Paper Example Since they never come out in the open,   their stories are published in the newspapers. In short, he was associating the phrase‘cold war’ as â€Å"fight among goons† where ordinary people have nothing to do. He also confirmed having not read anything about the Cold war in the school. Non-Hispanic American had sufficient knowledge about the Cold war. He was aware of the fact that before the collapse of the Soviet Russia, the relations between the US and the USSR were very tense. He saidâ€Å"Soviet Russia had planted nuclear missiles in Cuba to attack the US. But with the counter threat by the US president, those missiles were later removed when the US gave assurance to the Soviet Russia that they will not attack Cuba†. In his mind, this was the most dreaded event of the Cold war.   It is quite clear that at least one respondent – African American did not know about the term ‘cold war’ because he never read anything about it in the pa st.   What he loosely explained as entirely his own imagination. The understanding of Vietnamese and non-Hispanic American of the war was quite in line with the details mentioned in the overview. Vietnamese knew about the Cold war more in detail because of his background and the suffering that his countrymen had gone through;   also, he had read about the Cold war during his school-days. Similarly, a non-Hispanic American had a fairly good image of the term ‘cold war’ and some of its consequences.

Potential Problems with Illegal Immigration Essay

Potential Problems with Illegal Immigration - Essay Example There is evidence of job competition between natives and immigrants, since the latter are typically employed in jobs shunned by natives (e.g., seasonal agriculture, working with toxic chemicals, etc.) even under conditions of high unemployment among the native-born. The hidden consensus seems to be that expelling the foreigners and their offspring who are already integrated would be too costly and disruptive (Som and Momblanco 2006). Meanwhile, the consolidation of immigrant communities, especially in big cities acts as a magnet for new entrants. For instance, "illegal Mexican immigrants have found good jobs in industries associated with the housing bubble. Large numbers of immigrants work at jobs in the construction, landscaping, and road construction industries" (Thornton, 2007). Some employers prefer to hire illegal foreign workers and some feel that they have no alternative. Wage stagnation is another problem caused by illegal immigrants in the USA. The role of compensation and its effect on wages and on the behavior of the unemployed has been put forward as one of the reasons for higher unemployment levels. Four aspects of unemployment benefit that could affect behavior of jobless workers. These are eligibility conditions; generosity of benefits; duration of benefits; and efforts made by authorities to prevent malingering. Following Jacobe (2006): "the current wage stagnation is a cause of the influx of a huge number of illegal immigrants who violate U.S". The evidence demonstrates that benefits played important role in unemployment and demands additional spending on social services for unemployed population. Illegal immigration becomes a burden for healthcare and health-related services. Following Porter (2006): "While many Americans without health insurance struggle to pay for medical care, U.S. hospitals provide at least $200 million a year in uncompensated emergency medical care to illegal immigrants" (p. 66). Defining needs as rational drives implies a corresponding conception of health. Being a critical concept supporting (or subverting) practical judgments about healthcare practice and health policy, the concept of 'health' is as contested as the concept of 'needs' (Som and Momblanco 2006). The government cannot deprive illegal immigrant a right to receive primary care but it deprives many native citizens healthcare insurance and healthcare services. The policy debate about healthcare needs is a response to conflicting demands on health policy and healthcare resources. Current government practices that disproportionately site municipal and hazardous waste disposal facilities in low -income and minority neighborhoods native citizens with the least access to quality health care. Operatively a basic and adequate standard of health care is the minimum level of care, the core entitlement that should be guaranteed to all members of society. "There is a lack of proportion between the medical resources and the burden of disease and that there is a human right to equal access" (Dwyer 2004, p. 34). Basic health care covers a wide range of common health services needed to maintain, restore, or provide functional equivalents (where possible) to adequate species functioning. It includes at least some preventive, curative, mental health,

Elie Wiesel- Night Essay Example for Free

Elie Wiesel- Night Essay In one scene taken from the novel Night, Elie Wiesel conveys a powerful experience based on his first arrival at Auschwitz. The beginning of this scene starts off with dialog and this technique is also used much throughout the rest of the scene. The use of this literary technique allows the reader to become submerged within the moment Wiesel is describing. The reader experiences the moment just as Wiesel himself might have experienced it at the time which creates a more suspenseful feeling in the scene. Each sentence of dialog allows the reader to be in the moment because we are gathering pieces of the story just as the character is. The reader has become the character in their mind and this allows the situations and emotions that the actual character experiences to affect the reader on a much deeper and personal level. The author does not use a great deal of descriptive imagery either. We are shown more of the characters inner conflict rather than a detailed depiction of the setting itself. This further reinforces the fact that the reader is in a sense going through these conflicts with the character. It is much more effective to convey the horrors of the concentration camp through the emotions of the character rather than actually give a descriptive setting. For example, when Wiesel writes, Not far from us, flames were leaping up from a ditch . . . I saw it with my own eyes . . . those children in the flames. (P30) You would think that the author would describe more in depth, the horror being witnessed, but instead he uses the characters reaction to this scene to portray the nightmare. I pinched my face. Was I still alive? Was I awake? I could not believe it. How could it be possible for them to burn people, children and for the world to keep silent? No, none of this could be true. It was a nightmare.(P30) We experience the characters feelings as if they were our own, because the author has already established a base from the dialog that connects us more deeply to the story. The inner conflict of the character toward the end of the scene though, when he seems certain he is going to be burned in the crematory, holds the greatest preponderance of any other part of the scene. The character is waiting for his death, and as he draws nearer to his demise his inner thoughts are broken up by the systematic rhythm of his final steps. The  author is using the repetition of his steps to build suspense. At each step, layer upon layer of tension is added. The reader leans further to the edge of their seat if you will, holding their breath as the moment of truth draws nearer and nearer until a mere two steps away from certain death, the character is pulled out of harms way and directed to the concentration camp barracks. Yes, the imminent danger of death has passed, but the reader has now come to realize the hopelessness of being captive in what William Styron referred to in his essay Hell reconsidered, as basically hell on earth, otherwise known as Auschwitz. At the conclusion of the scene Wiesel uses parallelism of the sentence structure, Never shall I . . . , and then continues on to list all of the atrocities that still haunt the character to this day. Each line stated is like another blow to the characters and the readers emotions. Again, the danger of certain death had passed, and we know that he survived the nightmare, but now all of these things are forever etched inside the characters being. Never shall I forget the little faces of the children, whose bodies I saw turned into wreaths of smoke . . . Never shall I forget those flames which consumed my faith forever . . . Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to dust.(P32) He physically may have survived, but has his soul? The authors effective use of dialog, parallelism, and a detailed description of the characters inner conflict allows the reader to become so connected to the character themselves, that this ending point of the scene leaves us with such an utter sense of what the character actually experienced, that the power of the scene quite literally leaves one speechless. Through the use of all of these things the author clearly delivers a most compelling and powerful scene.

The Benefits of Home Schooling Essay -- Education School Teaching Essa

Advantages of Home Schooling Home schooling was developed out of the desire to give students an opportunity to have a more personal, one-on-one relationship with their teachers and have a chance to learn at their own pace without being left behind by their fellow students. It was also designed to give the parents more of an opportunity to be involved in their child’s education by supervising the classes, getting to know the teachers on a personal basis, and having the flexibility to change class times and not worry about their child missing important information if they cannot be in class on a certain day. Although home schooling is considered by some to do more harm than good, especially with respect to the student’s socialization skills with other children, many parents opt to take advantage of this opportunity to further their child’s education and create a more comfortable, informal environment in which to learn. Depending on the particular Home School and the preferences of the family, home schooling can often serve to enhance the religious education and understanding in the students. Many people from many different religions choose to home school their children because religiously affiliated home schools find ways to integrate religion into everyday lessons. For examples, a handwriting lesson might include copying passages and scriptures from the bible, or a science lesson might discuss the idea of Creation as opposed to Evolution. A math lesson involving multiplication by two could incorporate the idea of Noah’s Arc. Another appeal of religious home schooling is the strong emphasis on morals and character development in the students rather than a strong focus solely on factual knowledge. The Christian Home Edu... ...d on November 23, 2003, from http://www.hslda.org/courtreport/V19N5/V19N501.asp. Neill, Monty (2003 November 21). Leaving Children Behind: How No Child Left Behind Will Fail Our Children [Electronic version]. Phi Delta Kappan, 85, 225-229. â€Å"Resolution on Improving Teacher Quality.† July 1998. American Federation of Teachers. Retrieved on November 23, 2003, from http://www. aft.org/about/resolutions/1998/quality.html. Scheuerman, William E. â€Å"Public Higher Ed: Battle Ground in the Tenure Wars.† The NEA Higher Education Journal. Thought and Action Fall 1997. Pages 63-77. Smith, Pete (2002). Mentor academy. Retrieved November 23, 2003, from http://www.mentoracademy.org/administration.cfm. Withrow, Gail S. (1998-2002). Religious approach to homeschooling. Retrieved November 23, 2002, from http://www.hometaught.com/app_religious.htm

Forest Conservation Essay

INTRODUCTION The June 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), underlined the necessity for all countries to develop harmonised approaches in the management, conservation and sustainable development of global forests is essential to meet the socio-economic and environmental needs of the present and future generations. To achieve this goal, the UNCED also realised, among others, the need to sustain the multiple roles and functions of all types of forests, as well as the need to enhance forest conservation, management, and global forest cover as outlined in Programmes A and B of Chapter 11 under Agenda 21, respectively. In addition, the need to ensure the conservation and sustainable utilisation of biological diversity is also emphasised under Chapter 15 of Agenda 21. While all these are now being recognised, the priority is to operationalise and implement the UNCED programmes, bearing in mind that the full implementation of the adopted Statement of Forest Principles and the various forestry programme areas under Agenda 21 is feasible only on the basis of international efforts towards attaining concrete goals. Hence, this paper is intended to provide a basis for discussion on the implementation of specific aspects of these programmes, particularly that on forest conservation, enhancement of forest cover and the roles of forests, as well as to suggest possible areas of collaboration for national and international actions. 2. FOREST CONSERVATION Forests are influenced by climate, landform and soil composition and they exist in a wide variety of forms in the tropical, temperate and boreal zones of the world. Each forest type, evergreen and deciduous, coniferous and broadleaved, wet and dry, as well as closed and open canopy forests, has its own uniqueness and together these forests complement one another and perform the various socio-economic, ecological, environmental, cultural and spiritual functions. Recent surveys on a global basis suggest that there are about 1.4 million documented species, and the general consensus is that this is an underestimate – perhaps 5 – 50 million species exist in the natural ecosystems of forests, savannas, pastures and rangelands, deserts, tundra, lakes and seas. Farmers’ fields and gardens are also importance repositories of biological resources. In this context, it has been acknowledged that forests are rich in biological resources. Though covering only 13.4 per cent of the Earth’s land surface, these forests contain half of all vertebrates, 60 per cent of all known plant species, and possibly 90 per cent of the world’s total species. However, recent studies have shown that temperate and boreal forests with their extremely varied ecosystems, especially those in climatic and geographical areas where old-growth forests still occur, may be even more diverse than tropical forests in terms of variation within some species. Eventhough temperate and boreal forests generally have far fewer tree species than tropical forests, often having a tenth or less in total, certain temperate and boreal forests are now thought to be as diverse, or even more diverse, than their tropical counterparts. For example, old-growth forests in Oregon, U.S.A. are found to have arthropods in leaf litter approaching 250 different species per square meter; with 90 genera being found in the H.J. Andrews Memorial Forest research area alone (Lattin, 1990). It has been suggested that a network of 500 protected and managed areas, with an average size of 200,000 hectares, covering 10 per cent of the remaining old-growth/primary forests be the minimum acceptable target (Anon, 1991 & IUCN/UNEP/WWF, 1991). To enhance this networking and to optimise the global representativeness of these biogeographic areas for the conservation of biological diversity, a list of these areas based on mutually agreed terms by national governments should be formulated. It should also include the identification of these biogeographic areas and the development of joint mechanisms, as well as the quantification of the costs involved and the identification of sources of fund needed to manage and conserve these areas. Joint mechanisms for possible international cooperation to establish transboundary biogeographic areas should also be implemented. However, it has been recognized that totally protected areas can never be sufficiently extensive to provide for the conservation of all ecological processes and for all species. Nonetheless, there is a need to establish a minimum acceptable national target to be designated as forest conservation areas in each country. This effort could be further enhanced by establishing buffer zones of natural forests around the protected area where an inner buffer zone is devoted to basic and applied research, environmental monitoring, traditional land use, recreation and tourism or environmental education and training; and an outer buffer zone where research is applied to meet the needs of the local communities. Such management practices are in consonance with Principle 8(e) of the Forest Principles. Besides the need to set aside conservation areas, it is now being increasingly realised that sustainable production of wood, through environmentally sound selective harvesting practices is one of the most effective ways in ensuring in-situ conservation of the biological diversity of forest ecosystems. Such selectively harvested and managed forests will retain most of the diversity of the old-growth/primary forests both in terms of numbers and population of species. The economic value of the wood and the environmental benefits produced would fully justify investments made in maintaining the forest cover as exemplified in such practices in ensuring its sustainability. The implementation of environmentally sound selective harvesting practices would go a long way in promoting in-situ conservation of biological diversity and the sustainable utilisation of the forest resources. In this regard, the establishment of tree plantations would alleviate the pressure on over-harvesting the natural forests in view of the increasing demand of wood from the forests. The sustainable production of forest goods and services and the conservation of biological diversity in forest ecosystems, as well as the equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilisation of the genetic resources would require concrete actions at both the national and international levels. In this context, it is imperative that national policy and strategies, among others, should set target on the optimum forest area for forest conservation and for the sustainable production of goods and services, as well as outline relevant measures to enhance both ex-situ and in-situ forest conservation during forest harvesting. In some cases, long term measures may include the rehabilitation and re-creation of old-growth/primary forests. In this connection, it is imperative that countries having a high proportion of their land areas under forest cover, especially the developing countries, have access to new and additional financial resources and the â€Å"transfer of environmentally sound technologies and corresponding know-how on favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms†, as reflected in Principles 10 and 11 respectively, of the Forest Principles; in order to ensure the sustainable management, conservation and development of their forest resources. Moreover, â€Å"trade in forest products should be based on non-discriminatory and multilaterally agreed rules and procedures consistent with international trade law and practices† and â€Å"unilateral measures,incompatible with international obligations or agreements, to restrict and/or ban international trade in timber or other forest products should be removed or avoided† as called for in Principles 13 (a) and 14 respectively, of the Forest Principles should be respected by the international community, in order to attain long-term sustainable forest conservation and management. 3. ENHANCEMENT OF FOREST COVER Enhancement of forest cover is to be viewed as a proactive measure taken to arrest and reverse the current trend of forest decline and degradation. In this context, the world’s forests have been under threat and are declining. It is estimated that forests covered four-fifths of the existing area at the beginning of the Eighteenth century. Of this total, approximately half were in tropical regions and half in temperate and boreal regions. However, these forests are declining as a result of deforestation. By the mid-Nineteenth century, it was estimated that global forest cover had decreased to 3,900 million hectares or 30 per cent of the world’s land area. The latest figure by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations as reflected in the Forest Resources Assessment 1990 had estimated that global forest cover as at the end of 1990 had further decreased to 3,188 million hectares or about 24.4 per cent of the world’s land area. Processes of reduction and degradation of forest cover have led to an average annual loss of 0.6 per cent. Although the annual loss of temperate and boreal forests is said to be negligible in recent time, historically, large- scale deforestration had taken place in Europe during the Industrial Revolution to cater for the needs of agricultural expansion, building materials and industrial development (Hinde, 1985). In fact, it is estimated that almost 200 million hectares or more than 50 per cent of the original forest cover had been lost (UN, 1991). On the other hand, deforestation in the developing world is a rather recent phenomenon due to poverty, indebtedness and the increasing need for food, shelter and energy to cater for the growing population. In this regard, the four main causes of deforestation in developing countries are shifting cultivation, conversion to agriculture and pasture, wood removals for fuelwood and inappropriate timber utilisation, and the need for infrastructural development. For example, 39.5 per cent of the 1.54 million hectares of closed forest deforested between 1981 and 1990 in Africa was due to agriculture fallow and shifting cultivation, 35.1 per cent due to conversion to mainly permanent agriculture, and the balance 25.4 per cent due to over-exploitation and over-grazing (FAO, 1993a). However, as a result of improved socio-economic development in Africa, the rate of deforestation due to agriculture fallow and shifting cultivation had in fact decreased by 27.2 per cent when compared to 66.7 per cent which was recorded during the period 1976- 1980 (UN, 1991). Besides the loss of forest cover through deforestation, there has been a general degradation in the quality and health of global forests due to acid rain and other atmospheric pollutants, especially in developed countries, as well as through forest fires, unsustainable use as a result of inappropriate logging and fuelwood exploitation. The depletion of global forests and their degradation are causes for concern as they involve not only the loss of forest areas, but also the ultimate quality of the forests. If this trend is unchecked, the implications on the world would be catastrophic. Not only would the existence of all forest types be threatened, but the capability of these forests to perform their various roles and functions in perpetuity would also be seriously undermined. Hence, the need to address the decline in global forest areas and its degradation through enhancing forest cover is immediate. In this context, is the current global forest cover of 24.4 per cent sufficient? If not, what level of forest cover should we aim for in order to ensure that forest resources and forest lands are sustainably managed to meet the needs of the present and future generations? At the Ministerial Conference on Atmospheric Pollution and Climate Change held in the Netherlands in November, 1989, the Noordwijk Declaration on Climate Change advocated a world net forest growth of 12 million hectares per year by the turn of the century while a global forest cover of 30 per cent by the year 2000 was proposed at the second Ministerial Conference of Developing Countries on Environment and Development held in Malaysia in April, 1992. There is every indication that the existing global forest cover should be enhanced through greening of the world. In this connection, restoration of all deforested lands in the industrialised world to close to the original levels of forest coverage is improbable, but this does not mean significant reforestation and afforestation are impossible. All countries which aim for a sound environmental future should set themselves a target of a minimum level of forest cover to be maintained in perpetuity. Countries having more than 30 per cent of their land areas under forest cover after taking into account their socio-economic development needs, particularly the developing countries, should be given incentives to improve the quality of their forests, as well as assistance given to reduce their dependence on wood especially as fuel. On the other hand, countries having less than 30 per cent of their land areas under forest cover, but have the means must increase and enhance their forest cover through rehabilitation and afforestation, which may include, in some cases, the conversion of heavily subsidised farms back to forests. As for those countries which are rich but are constrained by physical and climatic conditions to grow trees because of their geographic locations, they could play their roles by assisting the poorer countries in increasing and enhancing their forest cover. As the future of forests are not only dependent on their quantity, but their quality as well, it is pertinent that all forests, especially those temperate and boreal forests of the developed countries should be protected against air-borne pollutants, particularly that of acid deposition, which are harmful to the health of the forest ecosystems. Appropriate measures should also be taken to protect forests from fire. 4. ROLES OF FORESTS A well-managed forest is a constantly self-renewing resource and provides a wide range of benefits at local, national and global levels. Some of these benefits depend on the forest being left untouched or subject to minimal interference while others can only be realised by harvesting the forest. Among the most important roles of forests are sustainable production of wood and timber products, provision of food, shelter and energy, mitigation of climate change, conservation of water and soil, as well as for recreation and ecotourism. Forests are also important repositories of biological diversity. In this regard, wood is of major economic importance as in 1990 the world’s production of industrial timber was about 1,600 million cubic metres, of which about 75 per cent came from the developed countries, while international trade in wood and wood products, as well as paper and pulp is estimated to worth US$96,000 million a year, of which about US$12,500 million comes from developing country exports (FAO, 1993b). Besides, currently fuelwood comprises about 85 per cent of the wood consumed in the developing countries and accounts for more than 75 per cent of total energy consumption in the poorest countries and that over 2,000 million people use fuelwood as the primary source of fuel (UN, 1991). In recent years, attention has also been focused on the importance of non-wood forest products which include plants for food and medicinal purposes, fibres, dyes, animal fodder and other necessities. Indonesia, for example, earns an estimated US$120 million a year from rattans, resins, sandalwood, honey, natural silk and pharmaceutical and cosmetic compounds (FAO 1990), while the local production of bidi cigarette from the tendu leaf (Diospyros melanoxylon) in India provides part-time employment for up to half a million women (FAO, 1993b). In this connection, it has been estimated that more than 200 million people in the tropics live in the forests (FAO, 1993b) and in some parts of Africa as much as 70 per cent of animal protein comes from forest games such as birds and rodents (FAO, 1990). The economic value of forests in relation to floods and soil conservation is that they may allow for agricultural and even industrial development on floodplains because they contribute to the mitigation of the effects of floods and in minimizing soil erosion especially in mountainous and hilly areas. In fact a well- managed forest would provide a number of goods and services to meet basic human needs as outlined in Annex I. 5. RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Forest Conservation (a) To strengthen efforts in forest conservation and the sustainable management of forest resources, it is imperative to ensure the participation of local community and that all national policy and strategies must indicate the forest area set aside for forest conservation and in the sustainable production of forest goods and services. In this context, developing countries must have access to new and additional financial resources and the transfer of environmentally sound technologies. (b) To further ensure sustainable forest conservation and sustainable forest management, the prices of timber and timber products at the market place must fully reflect both their replacement and environmental costs, and that trade in forest products should be non-discriminatory and any unilateral measures to restrict and/or ban their trade should be removed or avoided. Moreover, expenses needed for sustainable forest management, including reforestation and afforestation must be included into the cost of all kinds of production obtained from the forest resources. (c) A global network of well-managed and adequately funded protected areas be established. In this regard, a list of biogeographic areas that is mutually agreed by national governments should be prepared to ensure global representativeness of forest conservation areas. (d) In order to ensure the sharing on mutually agreed terms of benefits and profits, including biotech- nology products derived from the utilisation of biological diversity, efficient and cost-effective methodologies should be developed to assess the biological resources of forests at the genetic, species and ecosystem levels, including the development of techniques to ascribe economic values to these resources. (e) In the light of the agreement at UNCED and in accordance with the requirements of the Convention on Biological Diversity, existing forest harvesting practices should be critically reviewed to ensure effective in-situconservation of biological diversity during forest utilisation. Countries should also endeavour to identify forest ecosystems or even landscapes that are threatened with irreversible changes, as well as their causes so as to enable prompt actions to be taken to arrest them. 5.2 Enhancement of Forest Cover (a) Maintaining and enhancing forest cover, reforestation or afforestation will incur costs, either from opportunities foregone for alternative uses, or from benefits lost from existing land uses. Policy responses must take this into account. The legitimate rights of countries over their natural resources must be upheld. An equitable framework must be found to provide adequate compensation to those countries who undertake action to sustainably manage their forests in the wider interests of global environmental enhancement. (b) All countries should work towards increasing their level of forest cover to be achieved over a speci- fied time-frame and actions be taken to prepare and implement national forestry action programmes and/or plans for the management, conservation and sustainable development of forests as called for in para 11.12(b) of Chapter 11 under Agenda 21. Countries having less than 30 per cent of their land areas under forest cover, but have the means must undertake concerted efforts to increase their forest cover while rich countries which are constrained by physical and climatic factors to increase their forest cover could assist the poorer nations in increasing and enhancing their forest cover. Countries having more than 30 per cent of their land areas under forest cover after taking into account their socio-economic development needs should be recognised and appropriate incentives should be given to encourage them to improve the quality of their forests. 5.3 Roles of Forests (a) To effectively enhance the roles of forests in meeting basic human needs, it is extremely important that the underlying causes of deforestation such as poverty, population pressures, the need for food, shelter and fuel, as well as indebtedness, particularly in the developing countries, must be critically addressed. A consultative and participatory approach should be adopted involving all stakeholders. (b) For the development of management measures to be effective, full knowledge on the distribution and values of non-wood forest resources should be made available at the level compatible to those currently available for the wood resources. (c) At the landscape level, each territory should set a minimum area of forest land to safeguard the climate-and-water characteristics of the forest and that the integrity of the forest ecosystem is protected. (d) Public awareness of the roles of forests should be strengthened at the level of social and professional groups, as well as at the family level so as to ensure that the important ecological and environmental functions of forests are further enhanced for both the present and future generations. 6. CONCLUSION The above recommendations are some of the possible options that could be considered for the effective implementation of specific UNCED programmes, particularly that on forest conservation, enhancement of forest cover and roles of forsts in meeting basic human needs. Concrete actions both at the national and international levels are imperative for their effective implementation.

Principles of Assessment in Lifelong Learning Sector Essay

Excellent for assessment of application of principles to real-world situations. Can reach all the way up Blooms original taxonomy to synthesis and evaluation. Read more: Assessment: case-studies http://www.learningandteaching.info/teaching/assessment_casestudies.htm#ixzz2Rr8F0faTUnder Creative Commons License: Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives Excellent for assessment of application of principles to real-world situations. Can reach all the way up Blooms original taxonomy to synthesis and evaluation. Read more: Assessment: case-studies http://www.learningandteaching.info/teaching/assessment_casestudies.htm#ixzz2Rr8F0faTUnder Creative Commons License: Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives Principles of assessment in†¦show more content†¦The teacher can use a lot of different methods here such as Question and Answer, Quiz, Peer-assessment, Observation, Discussion, to name a few. Assessing your students on a formative basis will enable you to see if they are ready prior to a summative assessment Gravells (2012:116). The summative assessment will happen at the end of a course or module. This is usually a rather stressful experience for students and takes the form of an exam, either in written, oral or practical form. The choice of exam usually lies with the awarding body and great care must be taken to only assess the qualification requirements (Gravells, 2012:116). There are a variety of assessment methods available but considering my specific skills area I would like to discuss the following: Role Play, Discussions, Case Studies and Observations. My specific skills area is Hospitality and Customer service so any sort of assessment is best made in an interactive environment as it is mostly about dealing with customers. In a role play, students act out a hypothetical situation and try to resolve arising problems. This gives a practical side to theoretical knowledge, encourages students to participate and can lead to peer assessment which will be discussed at a later point. It also gives me a chance to assess language and attitude which are both extremely important in my field. The weaknesses are that not all students will be able toShow MoreRelatedMethods in Performing Assessment962 Words   |  4 Pagesareas: A) Principles of assessments. B) Peer and self assessment. C) Feedback and questioning. D) Types of assessment records. 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The report will also show how learners preferences should be taken into account as per of inclusive teaching and learning. A – Analyse theories, principles and models of learning and models of learning preferences Wilson, L (2014) has shown that there are three mainRead MorePTLLS Unit 012 Principles of Assessment in Lifelong Learning1266 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ PTLLS Unit 012 Principles of Assessment in Lifelong Learning Produce 1 Written Rationale of 1000 words for all areas of research in 1 to 3. 1.1 Analyse how types of assessment are used in lifelong learning: â€Å"Assessments should be a regular process; it might not always be formalised, but you should be observing what your learners are doing, asking questions and reviewing their progress throughout their time with you†.   Gravells A. Page 113.   Assessments are used to track not