Penicillin fermentation and role of strain improvement on efficiency

Penicillin aging and job of strain enhancement for productivity Presentation Penicillin is one of the most indispensable medications known to the clinical world. Its revelation by Alexander Fleming in late 1920s changed the substance of the world by getting trust people groups lives as penicillin was adequately utilized against sicknesses, for example, syphilis and staphylococcus diseases. Penicillins disclosure was a surprising mishap done while disengaging staphylococcus aureus by developing microbes on petri dishes. It was found that on one of the dishes a tainting mold named penicillium notatum had no microscopic organisms around it. Fleming saw this conduct and acquired a limited quantity of the emitted antimicrobial item and named it penicillin. Anyway Fleming couldn't market the item into beginning an enormous scope creation process and safeguarded the refined living being. As penicillin turned out to be progressively mainstream among different specialists, aging procedures were being created to improve its yield. [3]. Utilizing these aging methods, sp ecialists began to complete the creation of penicillin in labs at a littler scope. This procedure required a lot of time and exertion. One of the main strategies used to deliver penicillin came not very not long after its revelation. The primary creation strategy brought about penicillin being delivered by maturation utilizing surface technique. In this strategy, penicillium shape was developed on a tranquil medium and jug plant methods were utilized to yield penicillin. This was a plummet forward leap in creating the anti-toxin medicate however it took extremely long developing patterns of penicillium form. [3]. The interest for anti-microbials truly went up during and after the Second World War. As of now penicillin was notable around the globe, anyway its creation at bigger scope with better effectiveness was expected to make it a commonly recognized name. The test of creating penicillin at bigger scope was overwhelming for scientists and designers. It was at when aging examination on corn steep alcohol at a research center in Illinois, USA permitted in creating 2.3 million portions through advancement of profound tank maturation [5]. As the interest for penicillin was rising, various methods of acquiring the anti-infection sedate expanded. Such creation strategies included the utilization of fermenters with cradles and partition pipes, the property of fluid extraction, conveyance proportions lastly the utilization of a layer in a countercurrent extraction section. Penicillin Production Procedures Since the revelation of penicillin as an anti-microbial medication, there have been a wide range of techniques created to deliver penicillin productively so as to accomplish greatest yield. For example, the recuperation of penicillin utilizing an emulsion fluid layer in countercurrent extraction segment is fruitful technique yield a profoundly subjective item. The utilization of a countercurrent extraction section requires both a scattered stage and a fluid stage. The fluid stage is made of penicillin potassium salt which is broken down in a citrate support arrangement while the scattered stage is made of a blend of interior watery arrangement; sodium carbonate present in de-ionized water and natural arrangement, a blend of an auxiliary amine, and nonionic polyamine in lamp oil [1]. So as to process this strategy, the nonstop stage is first taken care of through the highest point of the section at precarious state, and when the progression of this stage arrives at consistent express, the scattered stage is infused through the base of the segment, creating a countercurrent extraction with the assistance of a spout. While the procedure is extricating, time tests are taken from the top and the base to screen the grouping of penicillin. When the detachment of the persistent stage and scattered stage happens with the assistance of a filtration procedure, the penicillin that was available in the consistent stage is recouped. The viability of the evacuation of various sorts of penicillin can be expelled at a more noteworthy incentive at lower pH. This is on the grounds that at a lower pH the debasements are abandoned and can be expelled, however at a higher pH, the contaminations will stay with the natural stage, and consequently will be difficult to isolate. This is the significant motivation behind why the fluid concentrate is fermented once more, with the goal that we can bring down the pH and acquire a superior measure of penicillin and evacuate the greater part o f the polluting influences present [4]. In spite of the fact that techniques like Emulsion fluid film in countercurrent extraction section can be exceptionally gainful and financially plausible, some different measures are as yet required to create penicillin in industry at a bigger scope. Mechanical Procedure The mechanical procedure of the recuperation of penicillin is in actuality increasingly mind boggling. It requires the utilization of a fermenter, a filtration framework and 3 support units, as appeared in figure beneath. The mechanical procedure utilizes a similar standard of dissemination proportion, which decides the proportion of virtue in the separated item. The dispersion apportion is equivalent to the grouping of a solute stage in a natural stage partitioned by its fixation in fluid stage. This guideline is adequately utilized in expelling the degree of pollutions from the last item. In this procedure, corn-steep alcohol, which is a waste item in the wet processing of corn, is entered as the feed. At the point when it enters the fermenter, extra supplements, for example, digestion modifiers and antifoaming specialists can likewise be included. The pH is then balanced and the substance in the fermenter are crease cleaned. As the temperature arrives at an estimation of about 25oC, the fermenter is vaccinated with an unadulterated and high yielding freak strain of Penicillium [2]. Now, it interacts with sterile air with the assistance of turbine fomentation to give appropriate air medium interface and the steady expansion of additional supplements and antifoaming specialists [2]. This entire procedure is completed for around multi week. After the aging time frame, the arrangement is then sent to a filtration unit where debasements, for example, mycelium are isolated from the fluid arrangement that contains penicillin. As the partition happens, the watery arrangement experiences three extraction units to acquire the last item in strong structure. First the arrangement enters the essential extraction unit where its pH is diminished to an estimation of two by utilizing sulfuric corrosive and amyl acetic acid derivation, these outcomes in penicillin to be extricated. This natural arrangement is then sent into the auxiliary extraction unit where it comes into contact with a watery cushion arrangement with a pH of six. This outcomes in the development of rich penicillin watery arrangement. At last this arrangement is sent to the third and last extraction unit. Here the arrangement is re-fermented and either reached with a similar natural dissolvable utilized in essential extraction or with another natural dissolvable, for example, methyl isobutyl ketone. This second contact with natural dissolvable is utilized to forestall the exchange of any solvent polluting influences [2]. After nonstop treatment, the last result of penicillin is recouped in strong structure. End Penicillin is world eminence anti-microbial, its significance came in the mid 1900s were it was utilized as a recuperating operator for bacterial diseases. Till today its significance assumes an indispensable job in the public eye. Penecillin process is completed with the assistance of new ways being created in the recuperation of penicillin. To finish up, it was noticed that there are a wide range of approaches to recuperate penicillin utilizing various specialists. Be that as it may, the quality and amount of the item assumes a significant job in deciding the best aging procedure. Utilizing the standards of dissemination proportions recuperated penicillin in a practically unadulterated structure. While the utilization of countercurrent extraction segment gave a progressively modernized technique, yet was not generally ready to give comparable outcomes as the utilization of conveyance proportions. References [1] Lee, Sang C. Contiuous extraction of penicillin by fluid layer in a countercurrent extraction segment. Diary of Membrane Science 124 (1997): 43-51. [2] Baird, Malcolm H. Handbook of Solvent Extraction. New York, NY: Wiley, 1983. [3] Philipe, Dr Calos. Penicillin. First talk of Chem Eng 3BK3. [4] T. Hano, M. Matsumoto and T. Ohtake, Continuous Extraction of Penicillin G with fluid surfactant layer utilizing vibro blender. Diary of Membrane Science 93(1994): 61 [5] [Mary Bellis. The History of Penicillin.Inventors. About.com. Recovered 2007-10-30.]

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (Aids) free essay sample

(AIDS) is an incredible ailment, saw as the deadliest infection that mankind has ever experienced is brought about by the Human immunodeficiency infection (HIV). (Irwin et al xxv)  One is supposed to be experiencing AIDS when their invulnerable framework has totally been undermined by the virus.â According to Alexander and others in their recognized book ‘Global AIDS’, â€Å"Acquired resistant lack disorder (AIDS), is the clinical assignment for a lot of manifestations, pioneering contaminations and research center markers that demonstrate that one is in the propelled phase of HIV disease and has a disabled insusceptible system†. (Irwin et al xxv). HIV Aids was first found in 1981 and as at 2005 roughly 40.3 million individuals were living with the infection. (Irwin et al 5). There are numerous legends encompassing the starting point of HIV with some contending that it began from space or was misleadingly made and gotten away from a research facility. Anyway it is contended that HIV is a characteristic infection that at first influenced chimp like animals in Africa and man may have procured the infection from close contacts with these animals. We will compose a custom article test on (Aids) or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page (Johnson 11). Method of transmission.  The HIV that causes Aids is transmitted through direct contact with tainted body liquids which incorporate semen, vaginal liquids or discharges, blood just as bosom milk. Pregnant moms can pass the infection to their infants during conveyance or when they are bosom taking care of them. (Irwin et al xxvi).  Aids has a long hatching period and one can live with the infection with no indication of ailment for as long as 10 years during which they may keep on spreading the infection. A few people may anyway build up the clinical indications of Aids sooner than this time range and the deft sicknesses will change starting with one area then onto the next. For example in the sub Saharan Africa, tuberculosis will be increasingly regular instead of America. During the hatching stage except if a test to affirm on the off chance that one has the infection it is hard to. This factor makes the spreading of the ailment simple and quicker. (Johnson 10). The uplifting news about the HIV Aids is that not normal for different illnesses that are airborne and consequently profoundly infectious this infection can't be moved through handshake or sniffling from tainted people. This suggests it can successfully be contained if individuals watched positive social practices. Despite the fact that examination has it that HIV has been found in negligible amounts in tainted people’s salivation, tears and sweat there are constrained odds of one getting the infection through these emissions. HIV can't get by outside the host and will in this manner not be transmitted when outside the host. Research has likewise settled that insect’s chomps, for example, mosquitoes don't transmit the HIV. (www.cdc.gov) Hazard factors  The hazard factors for the securing of the HIV AIDS incorporate having dangerous sexual associations with numerous accomplices just as utilizing intravenous medications. There are anyway some social financial variables that expansion the odds of one getting the infection. Destitution, segregation just as sexual orientation disparities increment the odds of one securing the HIV. (Irwin et al xxviii). Ladies in the sub-Saharan Africa will in general be generally influenced by HIV Aids which could be credited to the significant level of sexual orientation imbalance just as destitution levels in the locale. Extraordinary destitution sees a few ladies result to prostitution where they can't viably haggle for more secure sex in the exceptionally man centric social orders. (Suad and Afsaneh 4). The polygamous idea of men in the district additionally has a task to carry out in the spreading of the infection in the sub Saharan area. Indeed, even in marriage a few men are realized t be indiscriminate or unfaithful and however they might know about the peril this postures to them their spouses keep on having unprotected sex with them. Sexual orientation segregation sees numerous ladies get tainted as their state is once in a while regarded. (Okeyo and Allen 20-25). Destitution additionally observes numerous little youngsters take part in sexual associations with more seasoned men who offer them budgetary help. (Suad and Afsaneh 160). This expands their odds of getting the infection as in these social orders the delights of men will be organized to those of ladies. Haggling for more secure sex while there is a degree of money related reliance and in an exceptionally male centric culture would be a troublesome assignment. Preventive measures Since the significant technique wherein the HIV AIDS is transmitted is through sex with contaminated people, the odds of being tainted can in this way be diminished using male or female condoms. Reception of more secure sex particularly for the individuals who have more than one sex accomplices can be a successful method of decreasing the odds of getting contaminated. Appropriate utilization of latex condoms can adequately lessen HIV helps transmissions. The lambskin condoms may not be extremely viable as they may have characteristic pores that can permit the death of the infection from a tainted accomplice to uninfected accomplice. (www.cdc.gov). Among the intravenous medication clients the odds of getting the infection can be essentially diminished on the off chance that they quit sharing needles just as other infusion gear as one contaminated individual can transmit it to different people through this. (Johnson 15). The utilization of â€Å"PMTC† or the avoidance from mother to youngster through short course antiretroviral drug before conveyance can likewise has a significant task to carry out in lessening the odds of transmission from the mother to the kid. Blood supplies particularly among the clinical experts should likewise be maneuvered carefully to abstain from getting the infection. (Irwin et al 9). Individuals with the infection should live more beneficial ways of life where they watch adjusted weight control plans, practice well and have satisfactory rest. Thorough instruction projects to guarantee the production of mindfulness over all populaces is fundamental in all populaces. Individuals ought to be offered precise data on how the infection is gotten, the conduct dangers and how they can keep themselves from contracting it. (Nokes 3). Urging individuals to get tried is likewise a compelling procedure similarly as with this information accidental transmissions would be insignificant. Treatment  Sadly, there is no known remedy for Aids however through the antiretroviral prescription (ARV), AIDS is medicinally overseen. The ARV’s prevents the HIV from reproducing in this way decreasing the measure of infection that is running in a patient’s circulatory system thus reestablishing the invulnerable capacity. The ARV treatment ought to be proceeded forever and it is known to have less extreme reactions despite the fact that with time patients may have some degree of protection from certain meds. (Irwin et al  Xxvii). However these drug is ascribed for the diminished AIDS related passings just as the upgrade of life to the individuals who apply it. Difficulties controling the war on Aids.  Barriers to successful anticipation strategies which are very in clear in principle are related with people’s social just as monetary direction. Obliviousness and falsehood about HIV helps keep on preventing the effective battle against the lethal ailment. Another test is that regardless of their positive commitment is dragging out and upgrading the lives of many, the ARV medicine stays difficult to reach to numerous particularly in the creating nations. (Irwin et al  xxviii). Some social foundations additionally make the war against Aids a troublesome undertaking particularly in the underdeveloped nations where the subject of sexuality is seen as a no-no and thusly exceptionally maintained a strategic distance from. Works refered to: Communities for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV and Its Transmission. Recovered on thirteenth May 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/assets/factsheets/transmission.htm Irwin, Alexander, Millen Joyce and Fallows Dorothy. Worldwide AIDS: fantasies and realities:  tools for battling the AIDS pandemic. South End Press, 2003 Johnson, Paula. HIV and AIDS. The Rosen Publishing Group, 2007 Nokes, Kathleen.  HIV/AIDS and the more established grown-up. Taylor Francis Publishers 1996 Okeyo, M. also, Allen K. â€Å"Influence of widow legacy in the study of disease transmission of AIDS in Africa†. African Journal of Medical Practice vol (1): 1994. 20-25. Suad Joseph and Afsaneh Najmabadi. Reference book of Women Islamic Cultures:  Family, body, sexuality and wellbeing. Brill, Publisher 2003

Narrative Essay Outlines - How to Write Your Own Using an Outline

Narrative Essay Outlines - How to Write Your Own Using an OutlineA narrative essay outline will contain your narrative details, so that your summary will be as short as possible. Having too much of a good thing is not a good idea. If you want to get a good grade on your college essay, and keep it to a minimum, make sure you do not cram too much information into the short amount of time allotted for your essay.In my opinion, having too much of a good thing is never a good idea in any subject, but especially on college level. It takes a long time to go through all of the things that you will have to say about your topic, especially if you are required to write on multiple levels. Therefore, take the time to find a good outline to use when writing your narrative essay.You should know that one of the major benefits of using an outline for your essay is that it will take all of the worry out of writing your essay. Many students who try to write their own outline or summary forget that the outline must be used. The outline can tell you what information you should be putting into your paragraph and also give you tips on how to complete the best summaries.Of course, no one likes to write on a different level than he expects. Therefore, when writing a narrative essay outline, you should know how to write your summary. However, there are certain techniques that are more effective than others. Once you have all of the needed information, it is just a matter of following the process of elimination, and deciding what information you want to put into each paragraph.Another good technique is to write in a chronological order. There are several reasons for this, and first, it is a good way to write. You should also know that it is also a good way to determine which point you are going to go to next, and which points you can skip.Another wrong manner of writing a narrative is just throwing everything into one paragraph. This means that the summary is so short, you can probably fit more information into a sentence or two. Therefore, even though you can only fit more than a few sentences into a paragraph, you have all of the important things you need to say in just one paragraph.When writing your narrative, make sure that you cover all of the key points you need to cover, as you move through the essay. By doing this, you will not only make your story flow well, but you will also make sure that the best points are at the top of the page.Some people find that there are several benefits to use an outline in order to get the right reasons for certain events or details that they will have to talk about. However, don't get too caught up in the benefits, and remember that the right reason for one topic may not be the right reason for another. Of course, you can use this information to your advantage, but as with all things, you must know when you should simplify.

Essay about Capital Punishment - 904 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Capital punishment is a method of retributive punishment as old as civilization itself. Anti-death penalty supporters argue the death penalty is unconstitutional. Capital punishment is a barbaric remnant of an uncivilized society. It is immoral in principle, and unfair, and discriminatory in practice. It assures the execution of some innocent people. As a remedy for crime, it has no purpose and no effect. The arguments against capital punishment are many and cogent. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Capital punishment is irrevocable, and the errors of justice cannot be rectified. All possibility of reconsideration is taken away. Innocent persons have been hanged, and judge, jury, and the legal machinery involved†¦show more content†¦Although isolated passages of the Bible have been quoted in support of the death penalty, almost all religious groups in the United States regard executions as immoral. Capital punishment is also an ineffective punishment for those who commit crimes seeing the death penalty as the â€Å"easy way out.† Killing whether carried out by an individual or the state, is immoral and ought not to be condemned. The death penalty is barbaric anachronism and should be abolished. We teach our children that it is not right to kill. Even the sixth commandment of the Bible says, â€Å"Thall shalt not kill.† Still we take the role in the Judicial system and chose who lives and who dies not only are we being hypocritical to what we say our morals are, but we are also teaching our children that it is okay to kill certain people and it is by this that capital punishment is still practiced today. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;On a national basis the additional cost of trying a death penalty case over a normal murder case has totaled over one billion dollars since 1976. A report from the Judicial conference of the United States showed that defense costs in death penalty cases were four times higher than non death penalty cases. Because of the faulty capital punishment systems ignorance to the subject, many people who are pro-capital punishment argue that it would cost less to just go ahead and finish the prisoner off thanShow MoreRelated Capital Punishment1099 Words   |  5 Pages Capital Punishment Murder, a common occurrence in American society, is thought of as a horrible, reprehensible atrocity. Why then, is it thought of differently when the state government arranges and executes a human being, the very definition of premeditated murder? Capital punishment has been reviewed and studied for many years, exposing several inequities and weaknesses, showing the need for the death penalty to be abolished. Upon examination, one finds capital punishment to be economically weakRead MoreCapital Punishment1137 Words   |  5 Pagescorresponding punishments. Among all penalties, capital punishment is considered to be the most severe and cruelest one which takes away criminal’s most valuable right in the world, that is, right to live. It is a heated debate for centuries whether capital punishment should be completely abolished world widely. The world seems to have mixed opinion regarding this issue. According to Amnesty International (2010), currently, 97 countries in the world have already abolished capital punishment while onlyRead MoreCapital Punishment1786 Words   |  8 PagesCapital Punishment Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is the toughest form of punishment enforced today in the United States. According to the online Webster dictionary, capital punishment is defined as â€Å"the judicially ordered execution of a prisoner as a punishment for a serious crime, often called a capital offence or a capital crime† (1). In those jurisdictions that practice capital punishment, its use is usually restricted to a small number of criminal offences, principallyRead More Capital Punishment1898 Words   |  8 PagesCapital Punishment Imagine your heart suddenly beginning to race as you hear a judge give you a death sentence and then you’re quickly carried away in chains as your family sobs as they realize that they will no longer be able to see you. As you sit in your cell you begin to look back at your life and try to see where you went wrong to end up in jail waiting to carry out a death sentence, and at the same time know that you are an innocent waiting to be heard. This same scenario repeatsRead MoreCapital Punishment1276 Words   |  6 Pagesbroken to get the death penalty, increased murder rates and wrongful accusations. There are many different views of the death penalty. Many different religions have their own views of the death penalty. In Hinduism, if the king does not inflict punishment on those worthy to be punished the stronger would roast the weaker like fish on a spit. In the religion of Jainism, mostly all of their followers are abolitionists of the death penalty which means that they oppose of it. Infact, this religionRead More Capital Punishment Essay: Retain Capital Punishment?696 Words   |  3 PagesCapital Punishment - Retain or Not?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This essay tangles with the question of whether or not we should retain the death penalty within the American code of penal law.    There is a feeling of frustration and horror that we experience at the senseless and brutal crimes that too frequently disrupt the harmony of society. There is pain which accompanies the heartfelt sympathy that we extend to the victims families who, in their time of suffering, are in need of the support and compassionRead MoreCapital Punishment2506 Words   |  11 PagesCapital Punishment and the Death Penalty Capital punishment exist in today’s society as citizens of the United States should we have the right to take an individual life. As illustrated throughout numerous of studies the death penalty is an unfair process seven out of ten deaths handed down by the state courts from 1973 to 1995 were overturned when appeal and the seven percent were later found to be innocent. Such as the Dobie Williams case which took place July 8, 1984. DobieRead MoreCapital Punishment Is A Legal Punishment1116 Words   |  5 Pageswhat the big deal about Capital Punishment is? According to free dictionary, Capital Punishment is to put to death as a legal punishment (Farlax). Capital Punishment is used worldwide, and is guaranteed to prevent future crime. Capital Punishment is a large controversy in the U.S. but before a personal opinion can be formed, some facts need to be known, such as what it is, where it is used and why it could be good or bad. Well, what is Capital Punishment? Capital Punishment is where a person is executedRead MoreCapital Punishment Is The Ultimate Punishment1704 Words   |  7 Pageswhat would you want from the government if he had killed someone you know? He should receive the capital punishment. The capital punishment is the ultimate punishment given to the precarious crimes. It is the last stage of capital punishment. There are different methods of like hanging, electric chair, lethal injection, firing squad, gas chamber. Murderers and rapist should be given extreme punishment, and they have to pay for their wrongdoing. We can observe crime rates are accelerating day-by-dayRead MoreCapital Punishment And Juvenile Punishment1631 Words   |  7 Pages Capital punishment is the term used when an individual is put to death by the state or government for the commission of a crime. Until recently, juveniles were not exempt from this punishment, however they would generally need to commit a more serious offense compared to their adult counterpart. Then there was the decision ruling the execution of mentally handicapped individuals was unconstitutional, using the 8th amendment as their authority, while taking into account the diminished capacity of

Sandra Day OConnor First Female Supreme Court Justice

Sandra Day OConnor, an attorney, is known for the first  woman to serve as an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court. Appointed in 1981 by President Ronald Reagan, and known as often exercising a swing vote. Early Life and Education Born in El Paso, Texas, on March 26, 1930, Sandra Day OConnor was raised on the family ranch, the Lazy B, in southeastern Arizona. Times were hard during the Depression, and young Sandra Day OConnor worked on the ranch – and also read books with her college-educated mother. She had two younger siblings. Young Sandra, her family concerned that she get a good education, was sent to live with her grandmother in El Paso, and to attend private school and then high school there. Returning one year to the ranch when she was thirteen, a long school bus ride dimmed her enthusiasm and she returned to Texas and her grandmother. She graduated from high school at 16. She studied at Stanford University, starting in 1946 and graduating in 1950 magna cum laude. Inspired to take up the law by a class late in her studies, she entered Stanford Universitys law school. She received her LL.D. in 1952. Also in her class: William H. Rehnquist, who would serve as chief justice of the US Supreme Court. She worked on the law review and met John OConnor, a student in the class after hers. They married in 1952 after she graduated. Looking for Work Sandra Day OConnors later court decisions against sex discrimination may have had some roots in her own experience: she was unable to find a position in a private law firm, because she was a woman – though she did get one offer to work as a legal secretary. She went to work, instead, as a deputy county attorney in California. When her husband graduated, he got a position as an Army attorney in Germany, and Sandra Day OConnor worked there as a civilian attorney. Returning to the US, near Phoenix, Arizona, Sandra Day OConnor and her husband started their family, with three sons born between 1957 and 1962. While she opened a law practice with a partner, she focused on raising the children – and also served as a volunteer in civic activities, became active in Republican politics, served on a zoning appeals board, and served on the governors commission on marriage and the family. Political Office OConnor returned to full time employment in 1965 as an assistant attorney general for Arizona. In 1969 she was appointed to fill an empty state senate seat. She won election in 1970 and reelection in 1972. In 1972, she became the first woman in the US to serve as majority leader in a state senate. In 1974, OConnor ran for a judgeship rather than for reelection to the state senate. From there, she was appointed to the Arizona Court of Appeals. Supreme Court In 1981, President Ronald Reagan, fulfilling a campaign promise to nominate a qualified woman to the Supreme Court, nominated Sandra Day OConnor. She was confirmed by the Senate with 91 votes, becoming the first woman to serve as a justice on the US Supreme Court. She has often cast a swing vote on the court. On issues including abortion, affirmative action, death penalty, and religious freedom, she has generally taken a middle road and has narrowly defined the issues, satisfying neither liberals nor conservatives completely. She has generally found in favor of states rights and has found for tough criminal rules. Among the rulings on which she was the swing vote were  Grutter v. Bollinger  (affirmative action),  Planned Parenthood v. Casey  (abortion), and Lee v. Weisman (religious neutrality). OConnors most controversial vote may be her vote in 2001 to suspend Floridas ballot recount, thus ensuring the election of George W. Bush as US President. This vote, in a 5-4 majority, came just months after she publicly expressed her concern that Senator Al Gores election could delay her retirement plans. OConnor announced her retirement as an associate justice in 2005, pending appointment of a replacement, which took place when Samuel Alito was sworn in, on January 31, 2006. Sandra Day OConnor indicated a desire to spend more time with her family; her husband was afflicted with Alzheimers. Bibliography Sandra Day OConnor. Lazy B: Growing Up on a Cattle Ranch in the American Southwest. Hardcover. Sandra Day OConnor. Lazy B: Growing Up on a Cattle Ranch in the American Southwest. Paperback. Sandra Day OConnor. The Majesty of the Law: Reflections of a Supreme Court Justice. Paperback. Joan Biskupic. Sandra Day OConnor: How the First Woman on the Supreme Court Became Its Most Influential Member.

Should Marijuana Be Legalized Essay - 1840 Words

Introduction (1 page) The legalization of marijuana has been a widespread debate over the last decade. There are some people who believe that it should remain illegal (class 1), be legalized for medicinal use, or have it legal for both medicinal and recreational use. The correct choice on whether to legalize marijuana or to keep marijuana a criminalized drug is unknown. However, the main debate boils down to economic gains, prison reform, ending the war on drugs and overall citizen health. Marijuana, also referred to as Cannabis or Hemp, was first criminalized in the 1970’s during Nixon’s war on drugs. It was classified as a schedule one drug, the most restrictive category of all drugs stating there to be absolutely no medical benefits from the drug. Later in 1970, public interest attorney R. Keith Stroup found the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) in Washington, D.C. (). Drug Enforcement Administration judge stated in 1988, that â€Å"Marijuana in its natural form is one of the safest therapeutically active substances known to man.† (). In 1991, San Francisco became the first city to pass an ordinance in favor of medical patients allowing access to medicinal cannabis, with a whopping 79% majority support rate. Many people think marijuana has been illegal for a long time so why should things change. However, for most of human history, cannabis has been ultimately legal. Actually, marijuana has been illegal for only 1% o f the time since it has beenShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreational drug. Although some believe that marijuana is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words   |  6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. 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Enough Rope By Dorothy Parker Essay Example For Students

Enough Rope By Dorothy Parker Essay DOROTHY PARKERENOUGH ROPENafisa RebelloSYBAROLL 338It was Prof. Eunice Dsouza who at the beginning of the year introduced us to the poems of Dorothy Parker. It was just a brief glance, something not from within the syllabus and forgotten the next day. But ?Resume and ?War Song would not get out of my head that easily. Intrigued by the woman who famously said ?Men seldom make passes at girls who wear glasses, I took the first opportunity to find out more about her. Therefore this internal assessment project focuses on Dorothy Parkers first set of published poems, Enough Rope (1926). America of the 1920sEnough Rope was published in December of 1926, and by the spring of 1927 it was making publishing history by becoming a best seller, an almost unprecedented achievement for a volume of poetry. Its poems became a mantra of sorts for the new American woman. The new American woman who was voting for the first time and was not afraid to be seen drinking, smoking, sniffing cocaine, bobbing ones hair, dancing the Charleston, necking and getting caught. Victorianism and the turn of the century Gibson Girl were out, and in her place was a saucy, booze-drinking, cigarette-smoking, knee-length-dress-wearing flapper. In fact the loosening of restrictions on women was one of the most significant legacies of the 1920s. Young women were wearing dresses and shockingly tight bathing suits that showed leg skin from the knee on downan unprecedented flaunting of flesh. They were caking on makeup, rouge no less, with the aplomb of streetwalkersand mothers despaired. Talking about Fre ud and sex were signs of hip ness. While showing feminine flesh women also sported an androgynous look, cutting their hair like boys (bobbed hair), but adding a feminine touch through shingling. This was the era of prohibition, Al Capone and Jazz music. Overall, the decade is often seen as a period of great contradiction: of rising optimism and deadening cynicism, of increasing and decreasing faith, of great hope and great despair. There were great upheavals in the cultural and societal foundations of America. Writers, musicians and artists no longer attempted to extol the virtues of 19th Century rural America, but instead embraced a hedonistic, individualism that was personified in the quickened pace of the 20th Century American city. The poems of Enough Rope gave glimpses of the age of ?anything goes and its heavy cost in terms of ones emotions. These verses, which became something of a national rage, were thought to be strong stuff: brusque, bitter and unwomanly in their presumed cynicism. They gave the impression of asserting a womans equal rights inside a sexual relationship, including the right of infidelity. They fitted perfectly into the pre-depression era, when it was fashionable to be irresponsible and bitter. And American women everywhere wanted to be ?smarty like the poet and short story writer Dorothy Parker. Dorothy Parker?In American literature, many writers of the past years faced at some point the duty of silencing personal opinions, feelings, and emotions. Although many accept this duty without a moments hesitation or guilt, some who do not accept this openly create a voice of disgust and doubt that arises eventually in their work. In the twentieth century, no one epitomizes this very voice more than did Dorothy Parker. Dorothy rebelled from her creativity block, in her early years, by releasing a series of works, which examined herself and her society, as she knew it to be. Dorothy Parker took offence to a world that she saw as mindless and lacking of any chaotic bliss.?John TaylorDorothy Parker was born in West End, New Jersey on August 22, 1893. She held many positions of work in a grand career that spanned over thirty years. She began her career in the New York area near her home as a drama critic for the magazine Vanity Fair. From the years 1917 to 1920 she held the position at the magazine till she moved on to another publication, New Yorker, in which she reviewed book publications and theatre performances from 1927 to 1933. Dorothy Parkers legacy as an objective writer began to take shape in the late 1920s when she released her first light verses, which were titled Enough Rope in 1926, Sunset Gun in 1928, and Death and Taxes in 1931. Although she went on to, possibly more successful, careers in her life, the period of these verses by her were the most honestly evaluating works of her lifetime. A lifetime that was filled with her own alcoholic depressions, ill-fated love affairs and attempted suicides. All of which have a bearing on Dorothy Parkers views of truth, which come to light in the form of poems that are long, short, detailed, vague, but always intuitive. Dorothy parkers contribution to the humour of the period was a combination of classical practices with her own very personal tone, a tone of the carefree but victimised ?little woman, which gave to her work its special profile, its recognizable hallmarks. She was determined from the start to write satire from her womans point of view-to exaggerate reality through stereotype, repetition, cataloguing or hyperbole-rather than to write nonsense verse. She also wanted her work to be simple, as colloquial as possible, for that way she could extend her satire to those who spoke as her lines speak. Her work observes social facts and customs, sees them representatively rather than in particularities, and then invites the happy or scornful laughter of criticism. Structurally her poems often began with a hyperbole, develop by antithetical ideas, or end with a surprise, a twist. To locate Dorothy Parkers unique flavour, it is simplest to keep in mind her short poems where, despite the compactnes s of the form, all her attitudes and techniques are in play. Here she concentrates on a specific situation or moment, the foreground sharply focussed in time and space. Often but not always, she extends her canvas by burlesque, pun or paradox; often too the wit is reflexive, and irony becomes irony of the self (and even of the poem, of poetry). By restricting her scope, her concentration on the paraphernalia of life never clutters her line as it never clutters her point of view. What she strives for in her poems is an elegant casualness. The discrepancy between the seriousness of her aim and the playful tone of her presentation provides not only a kind of cool satire but also a forceful constricted irony. Indeed her work is so cool in its fundamental bitterness that she has from the first appealed to a very wide audience-both those wishing simple amusement and those who recognise her sardonic wit. Enough Rope?Here is poetry that is ?smart in the fashion designers sense of the word?M rs. Parker has her own particular field of frank American humour. She is slangy, vulgar, candid and withal subtle, delicate and sparkling. The soul of wit distinguishes most of her pieces?for all their pertness and bravado they mirror, in most cases, quite genuine and profound experiences.?Of Enough Rope in Poetry, April 1927Enough Rope appeared from Boni and Liveright for two dollars, in a grey dust jacket with yellow lettering-?A woman supplies enough rope to hang a hundred Egos?-and a dangling rope for illustration; it went through eight printings, a phenomenal bestseller. Therefore from the title itself Dorothy Parker suggests her conscious adoption of the role of satirist, one bemused by the human situation and sufficiently superior to poke fun at it. The themes that run through the volume are those with which she was by now identified: unrequited love, loneliness, death and hypocrisy. To appreciate the peculiarly successful poetic of Enough Rope, we must see how Dorothy parker starts with the briefest possible situation, catches it at a split moment, and dramatises it through a voice unaware of the clich?s on which it rests. Evoking A Moment EssayInscription for the Ceiling of a BedroomDaily dawns another day;I must up, to make my way. Though I dress and drink and eat,Move my fingers and my feet,Learn a little, here and there,Weep and laugh and sweat and swear,Hear a song, or watch a stage,Leave some words upon a page,Claim a foe, or hail a friend Bed awaits me at the end. Though I go in pride and strength,Ill come back to bed at length. Though I walk in blinded woe,Back to bed Im bound to go. High my heart, or bowed my head,All my days but lead to bed. Up, and out, and on; and thenEver back to bed again,Summer, Winter, Spring, and Fall Im a fool to rise at all!Prophetic SoulBecause your eyes are slant and slow,Because your hair is sweet to touch,My heart is high again; but oh,I doubt if this will get me much. This poem is confessional yet highly disciplined, conversational yet poetically rendered, the work displays a controlled imagination. Distanced reflection and careful analysis merge. Shrewd and fastidious, in modulated language and tight form, trenchant humor opposing clich?d love conventions surprises, engages and amuses us, as in ?Words of Comfort to be Scratched on a Mirror?Helen of Troy had a wandering glance;Sapphos restriction was only the sky;Ninon was ever the chatter of France;But oh, what a good girl am I!In the verse, ?One Perfect Rose?, Dorothy switches her focus to the opposite end of the spectrum and probes the actions of a male from her past. In this verse, she questions a single rose, which she received from the man in question. Although she speaks of the mans intentions, his emotions, the rose and its qualities in an adoring manner, Dorothy eventually asks why she has never received a limousine and then ponders her luck in matters such as this. Although this verse comes to us in a light hearted, comedic fashion, one eventually wonders of Dorothy Parkers true meanings of whether she feels blessed or forsaken. Mrs. Parkers apparent intentions seem to lead the reader to questions of Dorothys own self worth. Whether this effect was intentional or not, the verse, as all of Dorothys others, seem to be made for the people with the pathos in mind. Although Mrs. Parker hints towards these issues, her stable vehicle for these ideas remains the rose, which even today remains a staple of romantic gestures. A single flowr he sent me, since we met. All tenderly his messenger he chose;Deep-hearted, pure, with scented dew still wet-One perfect rose. I knew the language of the floweret;My fragile leaves, it said, his heart enclose. Love long has taken for his amuletOne perfect rose. Why is it no one ever sent me yetOne perfect limousine, do you suppose?Ah no, its always just my luck to getOne perfect rose. Finally, in a title which fits her work, ?Portrait of the Artist? , Dorothy gives the reader a peak at her life as a writer and poet. Oh, lead me to a quiet cell, Dorothy states as she describes a setting in which an artist , presumably Dorothy , wants to be placed in a room cut off from the outside world and its self pleasing views. After describing this process, Dorothy states Come back in a half hour or so , And I will be in trouble. Here , Dorothy gives the reader who might fear or ponder her methods a chance to ponder his or her own opinion of Dorothy. The statement seems to come in a more outward view of Dorothy rather than from Dorothy herself. This gives the reader a chance to see Mrs. Parkers feelings towards others who do not understand her work or views. All in all, the verse expresses the same desire to bare her soul now that her work has become more self reflective. Oh, lead me to a quiet cellWhere never footfall rankles,And bar the window passing well,And gyve my wrists and ankles. Oh, wrap my eyes with linen fair,With hempen cord go bind me,And, of your mercy, leave me there,Nor tell them where to find me. Oh, lock the portal as you go,And see its bolts be double. Come back in half an hour or so,And I will be in trouble. And ?Observation? echoes the female sentiment of the age. If I dont drive around the park,Im pretty sure to make my mark. If Im in bed each night by ten. I may get back my looks again. If I abstain from fun and such. Ill probably amount to much;But I shall stay the way I am. Because I do not give a damn. In the best of this book, Dorothy Parker is already the most accomplished classical epigrammatist of her time. In ConclusionDorothy Parkers work was clearly a product of its times even as it on occasion transcends them. She brought her own life to her work; from her use of precision of detail, purity of language, and economy of expression, her poetry took on a maturity, clarity of tone and compactness of form. She saw the range of humour stretching from open sarcasm to a tired and mordant stoicism, and her poetry reflects this wider perspective. ?Her poems?, Corey Ford has observed, ?were exquisite cameos, poignant and haunting? as well as sudden comic reversals. ?END?BibliographyBibliographyEnough Rope by Dorothy ParkerDorothy Parker by Arthur F. KinneyThe Portable Dorothy Parkerhttp://imglib.lbl.gov/ImgLib/COLLECTIONS/BERKELEYLAB/PEOPLE/INDIVIDUALS/index/96602763.htmlPoetry and Poets